Comparison of High Involvement Consumer Decision Making with Love Involvement Decision Making Essay

Consumers don’t necessarily go through all the buying stages when they’re considering purchasing product. They have probably think about many products they want or need but never did much more than that. At other times, they probably look at dozens of products, compare them, and then decided not to purchase any. They sometimes can even skip stages 1 through 3 and buy products on impulse. Purchasing a product with no planning or forethought is called impulse buying. Impulse buying brings up a concept called level of involvement—that is, how personally important or interested you are in consuming a product. For example, you might see a roll of tape at a check-out stand and remember you need one. Or you might see a bag of chips and realize you’re hungry. These are items you need, but they are low-involvement products. Low-involvement products aren’t necessarily purchased on impulse, although they can be. Low-involvement products are, however, inexpensive and pose a low risk to the buyer if she makes a mistake by purchasing them. Consumers often engage in routine response behavior when they buy low-involvement products—that is, they make automatic purchase decisions based on limited information or information they have gathered in the past. For example, if you always order a Diet Coke at lunch, you’re engaging in routine response behavior. You may not even think about other drink options at lunch because your routine is to order a Diet Coke, and you simply do it. If you’re served a Diet Coke at lunchtime, and it’s flat, oh well. It’s not the end of the world. By contrast, high-involvement products carry a high risk to buyers if they fail, are complex, or have high price tags. A car, a house, and an insurance policy are examples. These items are not purchased often. Buyers don’t engage in routine response behavior when purchasing high-involvement products. Instead, consumers engage in what’s called extended problem solving, where they spend a lot of time comparing the features of the products, prices, warrantees, and so forth. High-involvement products can cause buyers a great deal of postpurchase dissonance if they are unsure about their purchases. Companies that sell high-involvement products are aware of that postpurchase dissonance can be a problem. Frequently they try to offer consumers a lot of information about their products, including why they are superior to competing brands and how they won’t let the consumer down. Limited problem solving falls somewhere in the middle. Consumers engage in limited problem solving when they already have some information about a good or service but continue to search for a bit more information. Brand names can be very important regardless of the consumer’s level of purchasing involvement. Consider a low- versus high-involvement product—say purchasing a tube of toothpaste versus a new car. You might routinely buy your favorite brand of toothpaste, not thinking much about the purchase (engage in routine response behavior), but not be willing to switch to another brand either. Having a brand you like saves you â€Å"search time† and eliminates the evaluation period because you know what you’re getting. When it comes to the car, you might engage in extensive problem solving but, again, only be willing to consider a certain brands or brands. For example, in the 1970s, American-made cars had such a poor reputation for quality, buyers joked that a car that’s â€Å"not Jap (Japanese made), is crap. † The quality of American cars is very good today, but you get the picture. If it’s a high-involvement product you’re purchasing, a good brand name is probably going to be very important to you. That’s why the makers of high-involvement products can’t become complacent about the value of their brands.

Mis at Coca Cola

Management Information Systems at The Coca-Cola Company Lewis Bianco Professor Rampersad CMS 315 Due: 12/7/10 As a world-wide leader in the soft drink and beverage industry, Coca Cola maintains a vast corporate and industrial structure which serves to run the business as smoothly as possible, and enhance all around internal performance. To make this happen, and to grow to where Coca Cola is as a business today, they have amassed a large variety of products, and reached deeply into the global market with these products.Some useful stats which help to realize the corporate landscape of The Coca-Cola Company are as follows: as of 2009 the company employed 92,800 people, featured a line of 3,300+ beverages, boasted 48 consecutive years of increased dividends, and had its products being sold in over 200 different countries (The Coca-Cola Company, 2009). However, all of this expansion and growth as a business could not take place without significant internal structuring.The corporate struc ture of Coca-Cola utilizes a mix of high end technology and computer systems, collaboration with bottling companies and retailers which exists on a large and impressive scale, as well as a massive focus on advertisement that is constantly on the competitive edge and the horizon of social developments in order to represent their products most efficiently to customers.Customers are of course, the final and most important link in this chain, and Coca-Cola has excelled at finding new and creative ways to reach its customers, while at the same time growing and expanding as a business in order to retain its position as the global leader in its industry. An example of Coca Cola’s extremely large dominion over the beverage industry comes in the form of a statistic, one of several important statistics found on the Coca Cola corporate website which states that according to a 2009 study, people worldwide consumed an average of 1. billion servings of Coca Cola products per day (The Coca- Cola Company, 2009). In order to manage all of this capital effectively, Coca-Cola employs a highly technological, highly structured system that includes 300 bottling companies independent of Coca-Cola. The company works essentially by producing the syrups, concentrates, and base products used in Coca-Cola beverages. This is the main purpose of the Coca-Cola Company, along with advertisement and management. After the syrups and bases are manufactured, they are shipped to any of the 300 bottling companies, who finish and package the final product.In this way, Coca-Cola is able to exist on a global level, while still working with local bottling companies. This is an efficient way to manage such a huge distribution operation, and although corporate oversight obviously still exists to a certain extent, it breaks the huge process of distribution up into smaller, more manageable chunks which improve the over-all efficiency of the company. Bottling partners are for the majority not owned b y Coca-Cola, and the company prides itself on allowing bottling partners to work completely independently in most cases.An important stat which highlights this corporate relationship between Coca-Cola and bottlers can be found in the Coca Cola 2007 Investor’s Review, where in a pie graph entitled â€Å"Company’s 2007 Worldwide Unit Case Volume by Bottler Relationship† it shows that a majority 54% of its bottling operation is in non-controlling equity interest. The other portions of Coca Cola’s unit case volume are as follows: 25% – no ownership interest, 10% – controlling interest, and 11% – â€Å"other† which includes foodservice operations as well as the production of juice and sports drinks (The Coca-Cola Company, 2007).As we can see, the importance of these â€Å"bottling partners† cannot be underestimated, as it is their responsibility to manufacture the product and package it to vendors, who are the next key member in the structure of The Coca-Cola Company. The vendors are less intimately involved with the workings of the company as a whole but are equally important as it is their job to actually sell the products to customers. In this way, we see that the organizational structure that exists from within and without The Coca-Cola Company is elegantly simple, and is prosperous for bottling companies who are allowed to take part in the ompany without being owned by it. This is definitely something that most consumers don’t know about Coca-Cola, but it is a defining factor that makes the company what it is today. It is obviously important to understand how this relates to management information systems and in the sense of that term, without such systems in place the process by which information is gathered that is needed to make decisions on behalf of 300 independent bottlers as well as retailers would be a much less easily manageable task.The Coca-Cola Company also has a unique relations hip with its retailers and vendors, the people who actually sell its products. Through Coca-Cola’s superb information management, they are able to reliably track information about their products and make adjustments to their business strategy accordingly online accordingly. We see that management information systems are perfectly suited to a task like this as it allows Coca-Cola to gather bulk data on sales and details on the nature of those sales.This insight into the market is a big reason why it is possible for Coca-Cola to operate on such a large level with independent businesses working together in this way. The information gained through the use of management information systems is utilized by Coca-Cola in several different levels of the business structure which was mentioned in detail earlier.A simple and effective way of summing up this process is laid out in the publication â€Å"Management Information Systems, Controller’s Handbook† by the where it sta tes â€Å"MIS also enhances job performance throughout an institution. At the most senior levels, it provides the data and information to help the board and management make strategic decisions. At other levels, MIS provides the means through which the institution's activities are monitored and information is distributed to management, employees, and customers. (Comptroller of the Currency Administrator of National Banks). With this information, and general knowledge on the matter it is easy to see that this method of gaining large amounts of data is becoming an industry standard by necessity and those businesses who utilize management information systems will have a competitive edge in their markets. This is due to the foresight that this data offers into who is buying products, how many are being bought, and where they are being bought.Another important area where management information systems come into play with The Coca-Cola Company is that of online sales, and especially in to day’s market no major business can afford to disregard this tool. As many companies do in today’s industry, Coca-Cola chose to find another business to help organize and run their e-commerce sector. This company’s job is to essentially serve as a massive inventory center for Coca-Cola, in order to help with their distribution and shipping of products that customers may buy online.The shift towards the importance of e-commerce created a change in the marketplace that successful companies were able to adapt to early on. The most noticeable change that companies had to undergo after the rise of e-commerce was the fact that focus and control shifted from the retailer to the customer in online markets. No longer were retailers allowed to choose the hours during which customers could purchase things, and the demand could not be affected by how much any given retailer ordered for stock.With the online shopping experience, the companies themselves had to bend to the wil l of the customer in an even more in depth way than ever before. With this challenge of course came the necessity for increased data from online sales. A company like Coca-Cola has prospered very well from a combination of using all possible information to react to the changing market, as well as utilize some of the same practices that make them so successful with offline sales.Perhaps the biggest perk to having the internet at Coca-Cola’s disposal for the purposes of collecting and utilizing data is the fact that the speed of the internet can make for a much smoother over-all operation. As it is stated in the book â€Å"E-Commerce† by Ritendra Goel, â€Å"delays in inventory tracking and management can ripple from the cash register all the way back to raw material production, creating inventory shortages at any stage of the value chain.The internet promises to increase business efficiency by reducing reporting delays and increasing reporting accuracy. Speed is clearl y the business imperative for the value chain† (Goel, 2007). This is a very important concept to understand as it shows how important the collection of up to date data is for a company like Coca-Cola, especially when the nature of their corporate structure contains over 300 independent bottlers and even more numbers of vendors and retailers. Effective management of all of this data is what allows this unique structure to prosper.Being a global leader in its market, The Coca-Cola Company is in a unique position as a business. It has over 80 years of history behind it, and in that time has grown to become one of the most recognizable names in the world when it comes to beverages. Because of this, they can accelerate past much of the research and development that younger, less established companies must undergo. However, with such a huge business, the need for effective and fast data collection and storage is absolutely imperative.The unique structure of the business, with Coca-C ola primarily making syrups and concentrates, while 300 bottling companies make the finished product calls for even more careful management and analyses of this data in order to turn these numbers and figures into profit. After researching into what makes this company tick it is easy to see how Coca-Cola has become so successful in today’s market.Bibliography Comptroller of the Currency Administrator of National Banks. (n. d. ). Management Information Systems Controller's Handbook. Retrieved December 2, 2010, from Office of the Comptroller of the Currency : http://www. occ. gov/static/publications/handbook/mis. pdf Goel, R. (2007). E-Commerce. New Age International . The Coca-Cola Company. (2009). Growth, Leadership, and Sustainability. Retrieved December 2, 2010, from The Coca-Cola Company: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/ourcompany/index. html The Coca-Cola Company. (2007). The Language of Refreshment 2007 Annual Review . Executive Communications, The Coca-Cola Company .

Reflective Log on Safeguarding

During your induction we discussed the importance of reflection, and ways in which this can be done. Below are some key questions you should consider after undertaking a training session You are expected to complete a reflective log following each of the workshops you attend. This will be used as evidence towards your qualification so the more detail you include the more criteria you will cover. Key questions to think about? Why did you choose to attend the workshop? Safeguarding is one of the most basic and the most important thing that effects the working of any setting.This course was an eye opener to me in various aspects and I Lana to attend more of these to touch up on what I have learnt. What did you hope to learn from attending the workshop? To gain insight into the guidelines, policies, procedures for safeguarding chiders and young people. To know how to respond to evidence of concerns where a child or young person may be abused. Did the workshop meet your expectations? Yes. It was very informative and touched on lots of Issues. Was there anything that you didn't understand or need further guidance with? Not much. In depth or more detailed will help. But this was Just a one day workshop.What have you learnt from attending the workshop? How to respond In case of abuse or harmful evidence surrounding children, The various policies , procedures and guidelines on safeguarding. Understood the importance of working In Ana environment where communication has to be very effective. And to work In partnership with various other organizations which regard to children safety. How have you cascaded your learning to your team? Yes. How has the workshop Impacted on your practice? I am more vigilant and I am more confident as I know what to do and what can be done. How has your learning benefited your setting?Being a volunteer I did not have much knowledge of basics. I am now more confident and I know I can rely on my team to support me whenever need arise.. Where wil l you go next? Do you need further Information/training? A regular touch up on the course would be beneficial. Please give examples wherever possible to support your reflections. I now know about the LESS. The context of mute agency working. The signs/ forms and effects of abuse. WHat to look out for. Indemnifying the delftware kinds of abuse psychological, emotional, physiochemical and financial. Reflective Log on Safeguarding By vaudevillian's Yes.It was very informative and touched on lots of issues. Was there anything that How to respond in case of abuse or harmful evidence surrounding children, The importance of working in Ana environment where communication has to be very effective. And to work in partnership with various other organizations which regard to How has the workshop impacted on your practice? You go next? Do you need further information/training? A regular touch up on the The context of mute agency working. The signs/ forms and effects of abuse. WHat to look out fo r. Indemnifying the different kinds of abuse psychological, emotional, physiochemical and financial.

Key Success Factors of fast food Essay

Success in the fast food industry requires mastery of different key competitive factors. Fast food entrepreneurs must emphasize on creating strong brand, improving operation efficiency, increasing speed and convenience. By paying attention and investing more on these elements of the business they can strengthen their competitive position in the market and make profit Branding KFC, Republic of Korea’s Lotteria, Jollibee are examples of extremely successful fast food branding. Their signs, logos and slogans are recognizable around the world. Customers of fast food want to know exactly what they are going to get before they actually have experience. Businesses try to provide consistent, easily recognizable and simple branding to reassure customers that nothing has changed. Simple slogans that lodge themselves in the brain are repeated endlessly on television and radio commercials, ensuring that when customers see the fast food outlet, they are primed to respond because the brand is already â€Å"inside† of them. Ranking brand names of fast food is showed on the Appendix A However, that is also the reason that makes domestic fast food business in Vietnam hard to compete and strongly develop. Kinh Do, Hy Lam Mon, Duc Phat, VietMac and the ABC that have not recognized brand names have many obstacle in domestic market. Pomchai thuratum – the manager of KFC in Vietnam said â€Å"I don’t think that international fast food is better than Vietnamese food but I’m sure that customers come with us because of brand. Sitting in Vietnam and eating American food. We are better because of our marketing campaign going along with brand†. (taichinh.vnexpress.net) Location Choosing location is very important. It should be in places that are easy to be identified like high-traffic areas to be convenient for buyers to come. Fast food isn’t considered a destination; customers won’t travel into the countryside for a bag of fries in the same way that they would for a special restaurant experience. By locating outlets in shopping malls and on busy commercial strips, fast food companies gain business and impulse purchases from customers who had no preplanned patronage of the restaurant. It is easy to find any fast food restaurants in big cities, supermarkets in Vietnam such as in Diamond Plaza, Parkson; ZenPlaza, Co-op Mart, Maximart, Big C and Metro. And fast food restaurants are opened more and more. After nearly 15 years of operating in Viet Nam, KFC has opened nearly 130 stores. Lotteria is also on the race with more than 120 stores. Lotteria has also made changes to catch up with the new habits of local clientele. They are opening stores that have large spaces and installing computers that have access to the internet. Pizza Hut now has 26 stores, located in Vietnam. ( vietnamnews.vn) Speed Nowadays, in the developing-country as Vietnam, people are always busy with their work, their children, so they don’t much time for preparing traditional meals and so Fast food is their best choice. According to a survey, 36 % people like fast food because it saves their time (Tieu luan Fast food). Of course, as its name, fast food industry strongly focus on delivery food as quick as possible and this makes customers satisfied with this kind of service. Setting up efficient and standardized kitchens and focusing on foods that can be cooked quickly are two of the ways that McDonald’s became so successful in this competitive industry, according to Business Week. Many people grab fast food on the way to work or to another destination. With people who work in office, sometime they have no time to go out for a lunch. They can eat fast food in their office. With students, they can use fast food in their school, in their break- time with their friends. Efficiency Fast food restaurants run on thin profit margins and make their money by selling lots of product, In this commercial environment, functioning efficiently is critical. This means minimizing food waste, hiring help at minimum wage and benefiting from economies of scale when purchasing supplies. Every dollar that is unnecessarily spent on operations is a dollar subtracted from profits. Because of high employee turnover in the industry, training for new employees need to be standardized, rapid and effective. Speed is another reason that fast food is considered as a efficient industry. The faster a restaurant can deliver the ordered food, the more labor costs they can save and the more space for other customers. â€Å"Fast food market heats up† http://vietnamnews.vn/Economy/231760/boom-time-for-foreign-fast-food.html 2009 â€Å"Tieu luan Fast food†, 2011 http://www.kilobooks.com/threads/12981-Fast-food Jagg Xaxx, Demand Media Key Elements of Success in the Fast Food Industry http://smallbusiness.chron.com/key-elements-success-fast-food-industry-24913.html http://taichinh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/the-gioi/2012/12/kfc-lotteria-jollibee-chiem-linh-thi-truong-fastfood-viet-26006/

Property Law in the UK

According to Clout (2002), more and more unmarried couples are living together nowadays.   Clout (2002) added that although their relationship comparable in a lot of aspects to marriage, unmarried couples must be conscious that the law deals with them differently from married couples.   In addition, Dyer (2002) states that according to the Law Commission, unmarried couples essentially have no legal right to a share of their partner’s property and must be decisive to safeguard themselves.On domestic property, in England the courts have declined to acknowledge that domestic property must be handled in a different way from any other kind of property.   In general, Parliament has refused to understand and follow this politically sensitive issue (www.warwick.ac.uk).There is also myth about the common law wife and cohabitants.   As maintained by www. divorce.co.uk , there is a widespread belief that a thing like a common law husband or wife exists. Contrary to this belief, e ver since the Marriage Act of 1763, there has been no such thing as a common law husband or wife in Wales and England.This means that whether somebody lives with his/her â€Å"partner†, or â€Å"cohabitee,† the law still considers that there is no special relationship existing and that their relationship is not equivalent to the relationship of a husband or wife. Moreover, Dyer (2006) said that surveys reveal that majority of unmarried couples are not aware of their lack of rights.The Rights of Cohabitees if the Relationship Breaks DownNot like married couples, Law on the Web adds that unmarried couples or â€Å"cohabitees† have no fundamental rights to their partner’s property or to maintenance if the relationship ends.   Essentially, what is hers is hers, what is his is his, and what is jointly owned has to be apportioned.If the relationship between an unmarried couple ends, then their property rights are unaffected. The distinction between â€Å"his , hers and theirs† (or, indeed, between â€Å"his, his and theirs† or â€Å"hers, hers, and theirs†) is very real in this situation and each person is entitled to claim his/her own property.According to www.terry.co.uk, the situation of cohabitees is different. The property rights of unmarried couples continue to be precisely the same even after break up. This means that any property is still owned by its owner and that is typically the individual who paid for that property. Logically, there is certain room for argument over this but that is the prevailing standard and the courts have no power to disregard it.If  the parties are putting in inequitably or disproportionately to the maintenance or purchase price of the property, then this must be manifested by being specified as tenants-in-common and possessing unequal shareholdings (for instance, 60% and 40%), instead of the identical shareholdings of beneficial joint tenants (Law on the Web).Meanwhile, if the ot her party also contributed to the purchase price of the property, the courts are probable to acknowledge or recognize that in any case part of the property must have been in their name; and if there has been an agreement between the parties and the non-owner of the property has taken actions to their disadvantage accordingly (for example, paid household bills, contributed to mortgage repayments, or, maybe, sold their personal property) then the courts might possibly concur that they must share in the property.According to www.divorce.co.uk, if the unmarried couple splits up, the woman might be able to prove that she is unconstrained to a share in the house if she might be able to prove the following:(a) That she contributed to the price of buying the house. Even though if for instance she merely gave a 10% deposit that could signify she would simply be expected to get 10% of the net equity.(b) That she can prove or establish that the man promised her that the house would be theirs j ointly if she makes some contribution to the price of the house. It is more effective if she can disclose that the man put his promise in writing, even though it does not have to be a formal paper; actually, love letters can be sufficient. Moreover, the contribution should be practically important, for instance paying for the groceries and the dining set would probably not be adequate.(c) That in case there is no written document as an evidence, the woman might still be able to assert a share of the house if she will prove that she depended on the man’s promise to her and as a consequence she made a considerable contribution to what she assumed was going to be her home as well.The Case of Jane and AhmedIn the case of Jane and Ahmed, Jane can claim beneficial rights in the house due to the following: §   When Jane asked Ahmed that the house be transferred into their joint names, Ahmed assured Jane that in the near future when they get married, the house will be Janeâ€℠¢s too. § Because she depended on Ahmed’s promise, she undertook extensive gardening in the grounds of the house, redesigned the house to make it more homely, paid for some central heating to be installed, and helped build and pay for the extension of the house.Meanwhile, her share to the house will be calculated in terms of the contributions that she had made in the house.   In her case, she can claim the 25,000, which she spent for the extension of the house and the price that she paid for the other renovations made in the house.The Case of Rachel and TomWith regards to the situation of Rachel and Tom, Rachel could certainly claim beneficial rights to the house due to the following reasons:Even if the house is in the sole name of Tom, Rachel has a contribution to the purchase price of the house because her parents gave 10,000, which was used to help pay for the house.   As Montgomery (2005) asserts, the easiest way that the woman can prove that she is entitled to a sh are in the house is if she can prove that she contributed in the purchase price.Moreover, Rachel paid the installments of the mortgage loan of the house for a period of 12 months when Tom was out of work.   In the course of their relationship, Rachel has also supervised some renovation work on the house, subsidized the housekeeping and allowed Tom to pay less.Rachel’s share to the house will be calculated taking into account the amount given by her parents in paying for the house, the total amount of the installments she had paid for the mortgage loan, and the amount of the renovation and housekeeping she had paid out of her own money.A similar case to that of Jane and Rachel is the case of Elayne Oxley who was awarded a 100,000 share of her previous partner’s home although they were not unmarried and she made no financial contribution to the mortgage (Divorce-Online Ltd, 2004).   The court verdict said that Ms. Oxley is entitled to a 40% share of the property beca use even though she had not paid the mortgage she had contributed towards food and utility bills.Works CitedCompactlaw. (2006).   Unmarried Couples.   Retrieved from http://www.compactlaw.co.ukClout, Imogen.   (2002).   The â€Å"Which?† Guide to Living Together.   Which? Books.Divorce-Online Ltd. (2004).   Unmarried woman wins share of former partner’s home.Divorce Website.   The myth of the common law wife and cohabitants.   Retrieved from http://www.divorce.co.ukDyer, Clare.   (2002).   Property rights warning for unmarried couples.   The Guardian.Dyer, Clare.   (2006).   Unmarried couples to get new rights.   The Guardian.Law on the Web.   Unmarried Couples-Property Rights.   Retrieved from http://www.lawontheweb.co.ukMontgomery, Emma-Lou.   (2005).   The common-law wife – is there such a thing? MSN Money.Terry Website.   Cohabitees and their rights if the relationship breaks down.   Retrieved from http://www.terry.co. ukWarwick Website. (1999).   Domestic Property.   Retrieved from http://www.law.warwick.ac.uk

Yeo soft drinks division SBU strategic market plan Case Study

Yeo soft drinks division SBU strategic market plan - Case Study Example Yeo Hiap Seng soft drinks division was chosen as the strategic business unit in the marketing plan. It is a division of the company in Singapore and it is the unit charged with the soft drinks marketing in the company. Being a large company with different products, YHS (Yeo Hiap Seng) strives to optimize the performance of the company through the individual contribution of the subdivisions.Soft drinks appear to be slowly but steadily overtaking hot drinks as the largest beverage sector in the world (Deloitte, 2008). A report by Zenith international shows that the consumption of the soft drinks is rising by 5% each year. As an industry, soft drinks market is rapidly expanding (Aqua-Trace, 2008). The industry is faced by several market trends and factors that either push or pull them to lead them in the direction that we view them to proceed.The companies operating in this industry are therefore generally faced by several challenges that include ever-changing consumer tastes, in crease d emphasis on products safety and the rising power of the retailers at the global level.Due to the several factors that are considered while having a picture into what happens with this industry, it is important to explore the opportunities for process improvement which could ultimately lead to better quality products and in the process guarantee safety of the product for the consumer while at the same time optimizing resources to provide best profits. A view of all the important industry factors with an eye into the future gives a positive prospect that ultimately secures a company's business or operations in the future. Although United States remains the biggest market currently, Asia likely to be the major driver of the sales in the near future (Deloitte, 2008). The soft drinks industry is pictured by opening into the entire beverage industry. The beverage industry has had its opportunities and challenges. Constant dynamism in consumer demands and preferences, call for new ways of attracting new customers while maintaining the old ones. Since this is the only way to increase sales and consequently achieve growth. The beverage companies strive to court customers, offer high quality products, efficiently distribute them, ensure safety and keep prices low. These must all happen with the eyes still open so as to able to exploit new opportunities by launching new products. The company therefore succeeds by quickly exploiting new opportunities. As a subsection of the beverage industry; the soft drinks market has been growing quite significantly, particularly in the emerging markets which include Asia as a key player

Should Accounting Rules be Global Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should Accounting Rules be Global - Essay Example The multinational companies have been required following the systems and accounting standards followed in the various economies of their operation for the preparation and reporting of financial statements. The companies have also faced difficulties in explaining their financial position to the investors due to the difference in the accounting systems in different countries that reflects various financial situations of the business (Basu, 1997). A globalized accounting system requires the establishment of harmonious accounting standards such as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that can help the users of accounting information to apply the same rule during preparation and interpretation of the accounting information. Various companies have gradually engaged in the establishment of "accounting standards that can be applied in more than one country" (Heidhues & Patel, 2012, p. 39). Some of the factors that influence the accounting system of the economy could be broadly categorized under the country’s historical origin, socio-economic demands, culture, institutional environment and many non-accounting factors such as values and beliefs (Gaffikin, 2007). These factors are different for every country. Also, the accounting systems of the countries vary from one another. The recent cause of suggestion for establishment of uniform accounting standards has been the expansion of businesses into the international economies (Gaffikin, 2007, p. 3). Having uniform global accounting standards will help businesses to compete effectively and compare the performances of affiliate businesses across the globe using standard information. The variation of accounting standards has affected number of sectors of the economy that require harmonization of accounting standards to make them operate smoothly (Zimmerman & Werner, 2013, p. 117). The operation of capital markets is affected by accounting principles since

Compare Hale's Outsider with Burrow's Junky Essay

Compare Hale's Outsider with Burrow's Junky - Essay Example Junky was a semi autobiographical narrative of the daily life of a heroin addict. Although the book is quite straightforward in telling the story of a drug addict it is considered to be more political than literary. The book attracted controversy because of its contentious drug themes, which is evident from subtitles in the book such as Confessions of an Unredeemed Drug Addict. Nevertheless, it is clear from the story that the author has depicted himself as an outsider amongst outsiders because he himself was not a drug addict but had ventured into the sleazy world of drugs in attempts to escape from his mental agony after he accidentally shot his wife. This paper makes a comparison of Burroughs work with Hale’s A Nation of Outsiders. The paper holds that Hale has focused and highlighted perceptions of how middle class whites in America began believing themselves to be outsiders in their own country during the period after the Second World War. In contrast, the Junky does not aim at creating any kind of sympathy for drug addicts. The book titled A Nation of Outsiders: How the White Middle Class Fell in Love with Rebellion in Postwar America by Grace Elizabeth Hale also deals with the issue of outsider in terms of the characteristics of life in America after the end of the Second World War. ... At this time Americans had started identifying themselves with outsiders or rebels whom they mostly associated with African Americans. Hale argues that in having identified themselves with the outsider, Americans had started pursuing inconsistent objectives. They had started working towards their self perceived independence and individual freedom. In being fascinated with outsiders, Americans had started desiring to remain connected and to have value in terms of having a deep sense of sharing with other people. Such paradoxical reversals engrossed many white middle class Americans after the Second World War. It became a fashion for middle class whites in America to have perceptions of being outsiders. Hale has depicted how a large number of people began defining themselves as outsiders although these groups always appeared to compete with one another. But all these people created their respective group’s identity as outsiders. For instance, during the time when the abortion de bate was at its zenith, anti abortion activists thought of themselves as outsiders because the Supreme Court had legalized abortion in 1973. Because these people were entirely against legalizing abortion they started considering themselves as outsiders, while the insiders were considered to be those that were favored by the law of the land (Hale, 2011). The similarity of these circumstances can be felt in Burrough’s Junky because nothing much has changed in the several years since the book was published. Drug addiction continues to be a strong moral issue for many people and in being fair as a society Americans have not made much progress by way of understanding the ways in which drugs should be treated. It cannot be denied that there

Proposal on Energy Management Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Energy Management - Research Proposal Example So, one sees US invading Iran and Middle East to get its hands on the oil reservoirs, Pakistan shifting from natural gas to coal and other countries following the same pattern (Fawkes, 2007). Another reason energy management has gained so much importance in the past few decades is because the world as a whole has undergone industrialization largely (Beggs, 34, 1999). From industrial revolution to the internet boom of 90s, there are very few economies left, which have not adapted to the change and these economies are either isolated or agrarian. All the rest of the economies have adapted to the change that the industrial revolution brought, and therefore are heavily reliant on industries, machineries, factories, and technology for their very subsistence and sustenance. More, these industrial economies need magnanimous amount of energy resources to run their respective economies without crashing (Moss, 28, 1994). Thus, energy management and optimal usage of this energy turns out to be the most pressing concerns of the economic systems around the world (AEE, 89, 1991). Out of all the energy resources, oil and gas serve to be the most widely used and thus the most significant ones of all. With their easy accessibility and efficiency of usage, economies have strived to never run out of these two energy resources. However, in the light of recent economic recession, many economists and observers think that the production of oil and gas is falling short of their respective requirements. This paper is an attempt to propose some guidelines for oil and gas industries to come at par with the growing demand of sustainable energy round the world and to highlight its importance. As the proposal suggests, the exploration and production of oil and gas needs acceleration in order to come at par with the current demands. Literature Review As one seeks to understand the mechanisms of energy management, two very important terms come up. Energy Intensity: It is a measure of energy r equired per unit output. Thus, using less energy to derive a product reduces energy intensity. Energy Efficiency: Inverse of energy intensity, energy efficiency increases when the given units of output results from diminished levels of energy input or a given level of energy is followed by an improved level of output or the service intended. Thus, energy intensity increases when energy efficiency is reduced and vice versa. As one compares different industries that produces materials for energy production, one finds that all industries are subjected to change. The changes can be structural like a shift in the product ranges from higher energy-intensive to lower energy-intensive or behavioral depending on the target market and their fluctuating inclinations. It is now important to turn to the issue at hand: how can oil and gas industry learn from other industries with regard to efficient energy usage and production efficiency? As a template, it is ideal to juxtapose China’s flo urishing coal industry to America’s oil and gas industry; and bridge connections and comparisons between the two. One of the main features of China’s coal industry is that it is a home industry and China manufactures all the coal by itself. This reduces its imports by a great margin. On the other hand, US economy imports coal from gulf regions and is therefore highly dependent on other countries for its economy (Petrecca, 45, 1993). Another important factor to consider when

Marketing your own arts event or project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing your own arts event or project - Essay Example In an argument by Bose (2010) the product, promotion, place and price analysis is mandatory. From this information, the marketing plan develops insights on the exact approach to the market in regards to selling the strategy. In terms of marketing a musical event, the four Ps of marketing would provide the target market with the accurate information to the product, the place to which the concert would be held, promotional approaches to be used and the price of tickets. The product in this regard is the music concert. The product in this place is a norm in this market (Kerin, 2012). For this reason, the main act would be accompanied by opening acts from already established artist. The opening acts should have the maximum preference of the target market. The event target teenagers and young adults. For this reason, the opening acts should have at least a minimum of 3-Year dominance in the music industry. To increase the relevance of the product, the main act should provide an analysis on what the audience may expect during the concert. The event main product is selling to the industry a new artist. The music industry is highly trendy considering the numerous shifts in market preferences. For this reason, the use of online modes of promotional would be appropriate. The event would use mega social sites for the promotion of the event. Specifically, the main and opening acts would use their social networks handles to increase the quantity of information provided to the market. The use of the conventional media would also be appropriate. This is based on that the approach offers a wider market reach. Evenson (2011) asserts that the success of promotional strategies is based on how well it achieves the objective of the product. In this case, the objective of the product is to provide a sold out event. The price of the event is directly

LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER OF MY PROJECT (research proposal on the Essay

LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER OF MY PROJECT (research proposal on the difficulties single fathers face raising a child in lonodon - Essay Example 15) maintains that there are a number of reasons for the perpetuation of the difficulties single father face. To start with, societal perceptions of single fathers contribute to insufficient and quite often no public or private support for single fathers. Additionally, the UK National Statistics (2011) report that single fathers are more likely to be working parents compared to single mothers. According to a 2001 UK National Statistics released in February 2011, just over 62 per cent of single fathers compared to just over 47 per cent of single mothers. This chapter explores the literature relative to the status and treatment of single fathers in the UK generally, but with particular focus on single fathers in London. The purpose of this chapter is to establish a conceptual framework for demonstrating that single fathers in London face a number of difficulties as a result of both societal and government treatment and perceptions of single fathers and fathers generally. This chapter w ill also explore the possibility that fathers are already disadvantaged by the fact that they are typically working fathers, obviating a greater need for support. I. Public Perceptions of Fatherhood Public perceptions of fatherhood are generally reflected in expectations and experiences within the family structure and based on public policies and legislation. There is a paucity of empirical research in public perceptions of fatherhood. Much of the literature is comprised of historical developments, legal developments, and policy decisions. For the most part, public perceptions of fatherhood are deduced from expectations within the family as expressed in the social sciences and by the law and policy makers as primarily expressed in the law. Daly (1993, p. 511) conducted a study involving 32 fathers of children under the age of 6 and reports that one of the greatest barriers to successful single fatherhood is public perceptions of the role of the father. Daly’s (1993, p. 511) s urvey of the subject fathers discovered that these fathers of the young children were informed of their roles by pervious experiences with their own fathers. According to Dowd (2002, p. 5) theorizes that public perceptions of fatherhood are embedded in the law’s perpetuation of the father as a biological and economic figure, which essentially denies that the father is a nurturing parent. Di Torella (2007, p. 319) substantiates Dwod’s theory by pointing out that although the Work and Family Act 2006 seeks to reinvent the role of the father, it is primarily geared toward accommodating the working mother, rather than the working father and therefore continues to perpetuate the public perception that the father is the financial rather than substantive parent. The legal treatment of the father is explored in greater detail below in Section III below. For present purposes, suffice it to state that according to Dowd (2002, p. 5) the legal representation of the father stems fr om the traditional and historical representation of the father as a property owner and source of financial support for the child. It is hardly surprising that public perceptions of fatherhood tend to undermine the significance of the father in the child’s development and growth. Vincent and Ball (2006, p. 90) inform that based on their interpretation of legal and public treatment of the father, both â€Å"popular and policy discourses on fathers are not flattering†

Use of Communication Skills to Facilitate Therapeutic Relationships Essay

Use of Communication Skills to Facilitate Therapeutic Relationships - Essay Example In psychiatric setup, the nurse aims at helping the Client to become independent and establishing confidence. Williams& Irurita (2004), states that disclosure is the cornerstone for this relationship to be effective and also for the achievement of self-disclosure. There is need for trust, intimacy, effective relational communication and the assurance of confidentiality (Popoola et al 2012). According to Cull (2012), the Nurse uses their communication skills to understand human behaviors and personal growth so as to ensure Client’s growth. Communication enhanced through an emotional supportive enquiry. The nurse aims to familiarize themselves with the Client and their situation. This can be done through listening, taking notes, clarifying and checking perceptions. It is important to confirm that one has understood what the Client needs. This can be achieved through reflective conversation, reflecting feelings and silence. Thereafter, the Nurse should lead the conversation. Focus should be on the Client’s ideas, expression and feelings and the nurse should be friendly but not a friend to the client. This line needs to be clearly drawn by the nurse. It is important that the Client should be safe, confidential, reliable and consistent with the existing boundaries. For these to happen, the nurse should be genuine, empathetic and positively regard all Clients re gardless of their mental state. Genuineness in this case is the self awareness of the Client’s feelings as they arise in the relationship and the ability to communicate them when necessary. This works to build trust and further prompt the client to open up. The Nurse should be capable of empathy.

Arab world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arab world - Essay Example 3. Bruce Riedel is a white male American, who was born in 1953, when he wrote the book in 2013; he was 60 years old. He has worked as with the CIA and he was a counter-terrorism expert he has been a presidential advisor for the last 29 years served under four presidents. His history and background make it easy for him to consider the facts objectively he presents given he has had considerable experience in the corridors of power 4. The primary audience for the book is the public rather than policy makers although they can also benefit from it from a professional perspective. He wants to render to the public his view of retrospective relations between the three nations and shares his opinions on the causes of the crisis, and how it can be resolved. 5. There is notable silence in the fact that the US park equation has not been addressed although they were responsible for provoking Islamic fever by encouraging al-Qaida forced against the Najeeb regime (Riedel 19). 6. The source is both prescriptive and descriptive since it discusses the situation and describes how it came about and what factors contributed for instance to rivalry between India and Pakistan. On the other hand, it is prescriptive since it attempts to give proposals of the action that should be taken to curb the runaway insecurity and violence between the two nations by the US and their respective leadership. 7. The author talks about various political ideology most prominent of which are capitalism and communism, which motivated the US to promote General Zia-ul-Haq a radical general in Pakistan to counter Russia’s influence in India which resulted in much of the present radicalization in Pakistan today. 8. Although he does not explicitly say so, the writer alludes to the fact that the lower classes take the brunt of the conflict while the higher ups experience it at a diplomatic level. The results of insecurity and poverty are shown

CAPM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

CAPM - Assignment Example Based on the rationale obtained in relation to these mentioned fields, the paper aims at concluding with regard to the relevance of CAPM for corporate managers (Fama & French, 2003). CAPM is valued high owing to its ability to guide investment projects through accurate calculation about the relationship between the risk and return. This relationship provides two major functions. First, it serves as a standard regarding the rate of return for assessing the potential investments and second, it helps generating a cultured guess, rather than a biased one, with regard to return on assets, which have not been traded in the market place. The common concept behind CAPM is that investors must be remunerated in two ways, i.e. time assessment of money as well as risk (Leonard, Loli, Kralj & Vlachos, 2012). The relationship of risk and return can be described with regard to the fact that low level of risk is connected with low potential returns and high risks are connected with high potential returns. In general terms, ‘risk’ is considered as negative concerning the fact that risks imply investments and their returns as conditional, wherein investors may or may not be able to generate their desired level of profit. It is thus that CAPM suggests, considering high risk of return, investors must be conscious about their possible risk tolerance at the time of selecting investment projects for their portfolio. Notably, according to the model, there are two types of risks those can be possible when selecting investment, such as systematic risks and unsystematic risks (Leonard, Loli, Kralj & Vlachos, 2012). CAPM helps to calculate the cost of equity of a private company by assessing the betas and thereafter, calculate the cost of debt by estimating risk of default as well as cost of debt after tax. In a private company, the originations of risks and

Greed and Materialism in the 1980s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Greed and Materialism in the 1980s - Essay Example Bateman is naming the litany of products and is pointing out items made possible by the defense research of the 1950s and 60s. Now they are made available as commercial goods. He has no appreciation for the goods, but values them for their space age quality and trendy name, much like owning an MX Missile. "What really is the best dry beer Is Bill Robinson an overrated designer What's wrong with IBM Ultimate luxury. Is the term "playing hardball" an adverb The fragile peace of Assisi. Electric light. The epitome of luxury. Ultimate luxury" (274). The conservative kids in the candy store have so many unanswered questions. Give me. Give me. Can I have a star wars defense system "I'm talking to the delivery guys from Park Avenue Sound Shop about HDTV, which isn't available yet, when one of the new black AT&T cordless phones rings. I tip them, then answer it" (308). The cold war had spurred technological advancements and Bateman was planning on reaping the benefits in the usual mindless, capitalist consumer fashion. ""...I watched the huge Sony TV over a breakfast of sliced kiwi and Japanese apple pear, Evian water, oat bran muffins, soy milk, and cinnamon granola, ruining my enjoyment of the grieving mothers..." (138).

Saudi woman's right to drive Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Saudi woman's right to drive - Research Paper Example In Saudi Arabia, women are seen as minors, legally. They must seek permission from men on matters concerning education, healthcare, and employment. Women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive or be seen driving in public. Saudi Arabia ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (C.E.D.W.A), but still women face discrimination. The government ratified the convention saying that in case of contradiction between the Islamic law and the convention, then the Islamic law would overrule the convention. It is crucial, while addressing these issues to understand the religious and cultural complexities that exist in Saudi Arabia (Abbass, p. 20). In Saudi Arabia, religious and cultural claims function as justifications for the oppression of women. As the Saudi Arabian women went out to protest the oppression, various philosophical theories could be observed; functionalism, conflict and symbolic interaction. In Saudi Arabia, women rights exist under religion and customs. In this region, the separation of women and honor is central to life. All women in Saudi Arabia have male guardians. This country prohibits women driving. Manal al-Sharif started a Women’s Right to Drive movement in 2011. She is a women’s right activist who filmed herself drive and posted the footage on popular media. Because of this, she was detained but later released and rearrested for deviance.

5th Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5th Amendment - Essay Example The rule could also be taken as to follow the Fifth Amendment’s self incriminating command that â€Å"no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, and that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. (David W Neubauer. 2006) During arrests, or any police interrogations, the court held in the 1897’s Bram v. United States that involuntary confessions are inadmissible as evidence, though as Davies, Thomas (2003, pg679) commented, â€Å"The distinction between testimonials versus other self incriminating evidence is an issue of continuing debate†. The Miranda rule therefore requires somewhat to be modified. This is on the basis that the Miranda warnings as mandated by the 1966 US Supreme Court decision in the Miranda v. Arizona case is a means of protecting criminal suspect’s right of avoiding coercive self-incrimination. The modification would also be necessary to further strengthen the omission of the Miranda reading as the current rule stands i.e. the Miranda reading may be omitted during arrest e.g. when the evidence is already sufficient for indicting the suspect, or in cases when the suspect is talkative and volunteers information, without being asked. However, the admissibility o f conversations, as evidence is only considered for judgment on a case-by-case basis, and also subject to appeal (pg 810). If the Miranda rule is modified to allow submission of statements obtained in violation of Miranda warnings, it will be more beneficial to the police and the general population because the exclusionary rule prevents the police to effectively solves crimes from violating the civil liberties of the general population. It makes the work of the arresting officers unbearable, since warrants are only issued by judges, on condition that there is â€Å"probable cause† to believe that evidence of

International and Comparative Employment Relations Essay

International and Comparative Employment Relations - Essay Example The works on the labour standards and race to bottom are rather limited in the existing literature. Developed countries are now under the radar as there have been evidences that OECD countries are compromising on their labour protection issue. Many multinational companies like Foxconn are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the unfair labour practices promoted by them (Chan, 2013). The purpose of this essay is to discuss the optimal labour standards mechanisms that should be developed by multinational companies so that they can qualify to be sustainable. The essay first establishes the problem that is being faced by the labourers and then discusses possible measures to improve the situation. The problem of race to bottom in labour market has been traced to the collective bargaining power of the labourers. The research conducted by Javorcik and Spatareanu (2011) had shown that multinational companies have been greatly deterred to enter into countries which have high labour costs on account of collective bargaining, a condition which is largely prevalent in the developed countries. The research conducted by Davies and Vadlamannati (2013) had shown that OECD countries have greatly relaxed their labour practices and joined the race to bottom. Their research had pointed out that it is not the labour laws which have gone through changes. It is rather the labour practices related to the enforcement of labour laws which have been hampered to a great extent. This behaviour of the countries can be directly seen as an attempt to attract higher Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Similar findings were also made by Olney (2010) and he had observed that nations are engaged in a cut thro at competition with one another to reduce labour standards.

Team Decision Making For At-Risk Families Essay Example for Free

Team Decision Making For At-Risk Families Essay Team decision making in regards to at risk-families involves supportive individuals who collaborate together to making decisions that will affect a child in the protection of the social welfare system placement. Batterson, et al, (Batterson, et.al, 2007, p.5) states, â€Å"Team decision making utilizes the strength based resources of the family, extended family, and community in making decisions of placement for at-risk children who are in the care of child welfare.† This approach is important because it allows for individuals to come together to discuss and collaborate on placement solution in placing a child. In collaboration with the social worker those involved with team decision making are able to provide valuable information, resources and placement solutions that child welfare alone could not provide. Values and Beliefs of Team Decision Making The underlying values and beliefs of team decision making below are as stated by Edward Sagatun-Edward (Edward, J.L Sagatun-Edward I, 2007, p. 4) according to the Annie E. Casey Foundation are: ââ€" ª Families have strengths and can change families have the tools and resources that are needed in making decisions that can effect change. ââ€" ª We must set up opportunities for families to show their strengths –families must be provided with opportunities to demonstrate their strengths in making decisions ââ€" ª A group can usually be more effective in making good decisions than an individual – when a group collaborate there is an influx of ideas and solutions rather than one person trying to figure out a solution. ââ€" ª Families are experts about themselves – families know the inner working of the family dynamics and can relate to others about what is going on than someone else. They know the beliefs and values that are with their unique family structure. ââ€" ª When families are included in the decision making, they are capable of identifying their own needs and strengths – Instead of outsiders trying to determine and identify the family’s needs the family is able voice their needs as they identify the needs of the family and what they can contribute through their strengths. ââ€" ª Members of the family’s own community add value to the process by serving as natural allies to the family and as experts regarding the community’s resources – Relatives, friends, community leaders are valuable in TDM because they bring a different perspective in supporting the family with their resources. Team Decision Making Models Family Group Conferencing FGC is a model that is used to bring together a child, an immediate or extended family member and a child protection professional to resolve family issues in regards to child protection. These individuals will air out issues, come to a resolution of issues and develop a plan for future action ((Huntsman, 2006, p.1) Child Protection Mediation – CPM is a collaborative problem solving process involving an unbiased person who facilitates constructive mediation and communication between parents, lawyers, and child protection professionals in coming to an agreement on how to resolve concerns when a child is alleged to have been victim of maltreatment (Guidelines for Child Mediation, 2011, p.5). Wraparound Services Wraparound is an intensive, comprehensive model of engaging with children, youth, and their families who have complex needs so that the child or youth will not be uprooted from their homes or communities and in the process helping them to realiz e their hopes and dreams (Wraparound Basics, 2012). Family Finding Developed by Kevin A. Campbell is a model that offers techniques to track down and involve relatives of children currently displaced out of there natural home environment. The goal of Family Finding is to connect each child with a family member or relative, so that every child may benefit from the lifelong connections that only a family provides (National Institute For Permanent Family Connectedness, 2012). Emancipation Conferences An emancipation conference brings the youth together with family, professionals, and significant individuals in the youths life to establish a plan for the time when the youth will reach adulthood and age out of the child welfare system protection (Edward, J.L Sagatun-Edward, D. I, 2007, p. 9). Advantages of Team Decision Making Team decision making in regards to at-risk families has many advantages. Some advantages according to American Humane Association are: FGDM keeps children safe, result in more permanent placements, decrease the need for foster care, maintain family bonds, and increase family well-being (American Humane Association, 2010, p.1). Also according to De La Cruz, TDM relieves the caseworker from making difficult decision on own and when family members are allowed to get involved with the decision making process they are more apt in participating in decisions that are made in order to keep family intact (De La Cruz, L, 2007, p. 30). Barriers of Team Decision Making According to Edward Sagatun-Edward some barriers to team decision making is the capital it would take to implement the different team decision making models, the need for further staff training and development, and would add more stress to already overworked social workers (Edward, J.L Sagatun-Edward, D. I, 2007, p. 10). Although, these are barriers Edward Sagatun-Edward mention in the long run the cost would be nominal when considering the cost of keeping children in foster care and in the criminal justice system when they reach adulthood. Team Decision Making Impact schools Team decision making may impact schools in regards to working with an at-risk student by bringing together the student guardian or trusted friend, teacher and school social worker or psychologist to collaborate and make a decision on what steps need to be taken to ensure basic needs and educational needs are being met. For example, a student who suffers from oppositional defiant disorder risk being put into the juvenile court system due to truancy issues, risk being tossed out of his home and is on the verge of failing all of his courses. Team decision making can be utilized to make decisions on getting the youth on the right path. This would involve collaborating with the youth, family members or relative, school psychologist or social worker to discuss the underlying issues of what is really going on with the student and then coming to a consensus on a decision and plan of action to improve the student situation. This is just one way team decision making can impact schools. The important thing to remember is that in order to ensure a successful team decision method is effective is to have a strength-based mindset that involves the belief that everyone has strength and resources they can contribute to solve a solution. If this is taking into consideration within the school system there would be more freedom to collaborate in helping to solve difficult decisions. References Batterson, M., Crampton, D., Crea, T., Harris, F., Abramson Madden, A., Usher, L., Williams, J. (2007, February). Implementing Family to Family. Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://www.unc.edu/~lynnu/ImpleF2F.pdf Child Welfare Policy Briefing: Family Group Decision Making. (2010, August 2). American Humane Association, 1(3), 1. Retrieved from http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/children/advocacy/111th-fgdm.pdf De La Cruz, L. (2009). Implementation and Effectiveness of Team Decision Making In Sacramento County Child Welfare (Masters thesis). Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10211.9/1049/LDCOMPLETETHESIS.pdf?sequence=4 Edwards, J.L. Sagatun-Edwards, D.I. (2007). The transition to group decision making in child protection cases: Obtaining better results for children and families. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 58(1). Retrieved from http://nc.casaforchildren.org/files/public/community/judges/July_2011/EDWARDS_Group_Decision_Making.pdf Guidelines for Child Protection Mediation (2011, November). Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/CPM_Guidelines.pdf Huntsman, L. (2006, July). Family group conferencing in a child welfare context. Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://www.community.nsw.gov.au/docswr/_assets/main/documents/research_family_conferencing.pdf What is Family Finding and Permanency (2012). In National Institute For Permanent Family Connectedness. Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://www.familyfinding.org/ Wraparound basics (2012). In National

Evidence-Based Practice & Applied Nursing Research Essay Example for Free

Evidence-Based Practice Applied Nursing Research Essay Type of Sources / Appropriateness of Sources / Classification of Sources American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treat the signs and symptoms of AOM, watchful waiting, or to treat with an antibiotic. This article is classified as an evidence based guideline because, it reviews multiple research literatures in a systemic manner and provides recommendations of practice. Block’s Causative Pathogens article is an unfiltered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because it provides the clinician with the most recent and up to date research on the topic. The article is primary research evidence because; its researchers acquired the data first hand. Kelly’s article regarding Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment is a general information resource. This article is not appropriate for clinician use because it only provides basic general background. It does not guide the clinician in diagnosing and treatment. McCracken’s article in the Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal is an unfiltered resource. It is an appropriate for nursing practice because it supports established guidelines and shows what will happen with continued antibiotic use. This is an evidence summary article because it lists all of the important information and the evidence supporting it. The last source of evidence is interviews with parents. This type of source is considered a general information resource. It is appropriate because, the interviews give firsthand experience of onset and signs and symptoms of AOM. This source of classifications is none of the listed. â€Å"Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common infection for which antibacterial agents are prescribed for children in the United States. As such, the diagnosis and management of AOM has a significant impact on the health of children, cost of providing care, and overall use of antibacterial agents (AAFP, 2004).  Watchful waiting can have many benefits for the children and the provider if used properly. Diagnosing AOM can be tricky. The signs and symptoms can also be related to other illnesses such as an upper respiratory virus. Throwing antibiotics at any illness use to be the course of action. However, now that there is evidence that bacteria have become resistant to some antibiotics, clinicians are testing out other means of treating illnesses. If the child presenting with symptoms of AOM has no underlying conditions and has means to follow up with the doctor if the symptoms progress, watchful waiting is an appropriate app roach for treating the child. According to the research, placebo controlled trials have shown that children have responded well without antibacterial intervention. Giving the opportunity for the illness to resolve without antibacterial intervention not only benefits the child but, the caregivers and the clinician. It benefits the child by not being exposed to antibiotics that are not needed, therefore creating a potential resistance to that antibiotic. It benefits the caregiver by not spending money on a medication their child does not need. Last, it benefits the clinician by preventing resistance to an antibiotic that may be useful in the near future. Watchful waiting is only appropriate if the patient meets the guidelines of uncomplicated AOM, assurance of a follow up if necessary, and access to antibiotics if symptoms progress or worsen. The findings in the AAFP article can be applied in many ways to improve nursing practice in a healthcare setting. The article provides evidence based guidelines on how to properly diagnose AOM and the typical signs and symptoms. It establishes the three criteria the patient must exhibit for a certain diagnosis of AOM. If the patient does not meet the certain criteria, it guides the clinician to continue to assess the patient for another illness, such as an upper respiratory virus. Proper diagnosis will improve clinician treatment and care of the patient. The article also includes a descriptive chart on how to assess and manage pain associated with AOM. It lists for the clinician the recommended medications, remedies, and agents for the clinician to utilize to manage pain. It also lists the effectiveness and the side effects. This will help improve nursing care by implementing the proper medication and or remedies to the patient with the highest effectiveness and the least amount of side effects. The article also very clearly identifies when watchful waiting is  not appropriate and what antibiotics should be prescribed and the usual dosage. This information is helpful to nursing practice by helping the clinician distinguish what patient is suitable for watchful waiting or antibiotic therapy. Another way the article improves nursing practice is, that the article provides information on how to prevent AOM and reoccurrence. This information can be used to help educate patient’s caregivers on ways to prevent AOM and reoccurrence. Ethical issues always arise when it comes to healthcare, especially when it comes to children. When conducting an evidence based research, there is a high likelihood of exposing the child to potential danger, illness, and adverse reactions. The first ethical issue is; is it even right to subject a child to research if there is a high likelihood of helping other children. That is something for the children’s parents to decide. However, it is the responsibility of the researchers to fully explain the process, potential side effects, potential danger, and any other concerns to the parents. It also the responsibility of researchers to determine if the parents have the capability to comprehend the information and the risk of the research. Not doing so would be unethical and could tarnish the results of the research. Another major ethical dilemma that comes with involving children in research is that the children do not have the capability of making that decision themselves. Research should be a voluntary thing and not left up to someone else to decide. However, when it comes to children that is not an option. The ethical problem is should the child be subjected to potential harm because of the parents’ willingness to allow it. The needs to be guidelines established prior to the start of the research that regulate the risks that the child might be subjected to. The risk should be very minimal with a very high benefit. Involving children in any type of evidence based research can be very tricky and has the potential of bringing up multiple ethical issues. It is the researcher’s responsibility to ensure the child is protected, not exposed to unneeded harm, and the caregivers are knowledgeable of the risk factors and are competent enough to make an informed decision. Besides ethical issues, there are other issues that need to be taken into consideration when research involves children. Vulnerable populations, such as low income families, families with different cultural backgrounds, and families with insufficient education can be at risk when it  comes to research involving children. For an example, low income families may not have the opportunity to participate in evidence based research because they might not fit certain criteria. In the AAFP research, in order for the child to be a candidate of the watchful waiting, they had to have means of a follow up appointment. For low income families, coming to the doctor multiple time may not be option. Financially they may not be able to afford, parents may not be able to get time off from work, or have means of transportation for a follow up appointment. These circumstances may subject the child to unneeded antibiotic treatment simply because the patient is unable to follow up with the doctor. Also, families with a cultural difference may not fully understand the benefits or risks of allowing their child to participate in this research. Without informed consent, the results of the research are tarnished and run the risk of jeopardizing the study. Informed consent when it comes to research involving children is extremely important for validity of a project and prevents any ethical problems. Any research involving children can be extremely tricky and should be held to the highest ethical standards and involve minimal risk to children. References American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians. (2004.) Clinical practice guideline: Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Retrieved from http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;113/5/1451 Block, S. L. (1997). Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 16, 449–456. Kelley, P. E., Friedman, N., Johnson, C. (2007). Ear, nose, and throat. In W. W. Hay, M. J. Levin, J. M. Sondheimer, R. R. Deterding (Eds.), Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment (18th ed., pp. 459–492). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. McCracken, G. H. (1998). Treatment of acute otitis media in an era of increasing microbial resistance. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 17, 576–579.

System Analysis Cinema Booking Information Technology Essay

System Analysis Cinema Booking Information Technology Essay Waterfall Life Cycle: Waterfall life cycle is the most familiar and classic life cycle model. It is sometimes referred to as the classic life cycle or the linear sequential model. It the simplest type of life cycle and very easy to use and understand. In the waterfall life cycle, each phase needs to be completed before the next phase can start. Each phase is separate and does theres no overlapping. Requirements Analysis System Design Implementation Unit Testing Integration System Testing Operation Maintenance Phases: Requirement Analysis: Requirements are collected from end-user consultations and then analyzed. A requirement Specification Document is created which guides the next phases of the model. System Design: System design is prepared by studying the requirements specification from the 1st phase. The hardware requirements are specified in this stage and a picture of the overall system architecture is produced. Implementation Unit Testing: In this phase, the work is divided in small units; actual coding starts. Testing makes sure that the software successfully meets the required specification; and that any errors are identified. Integration System Testing: All units are integrated and tested to ensure that the system meets the requirements. At the end of this stage, the software is delivered to the customer. Operation Maintenance: This is the longest phase in the model. The software is updated in this phase to correct any errors, make the software more efficient and to meet the changing needs of the customers. Advantages: It is a linear sequential model Very easy simple to implement; therefore well suited for small projects It is also cheaper Minimal amount of resources are required to implement this model Testing is done after each phase to ensure the project is on the right path Easily manageable because model is rigid; each phase has certain deliverables a review process after a phase is over, which makes understanding of the designing procedure simpler. Disadvantages: High risk uncertainty. Not suited for long projects where the requirements may change. The working software is only produced late during the life cycle. It is difficult to estimate the cost and time for each stage. No back tracking possible; if an error occurred in the earlier stages of the cycle, it cant be corrected for that batch. V-Shaped Model: The V-Shaped Model is very similar to the Waterfall model life cycle, but testing is done upfront instead of later in the life cycle like in Waterfall model. Like Waterfall model, V-Shaped Model is also a sequential cycle and a new phase is only started after the completion of the previous phase. Each development stage is matched with its respective testing stage; Requirements Æ’Â   System Testing, High-Level Design Æ’Â   Integration Testing, Low-Level Design Æ’Â   Unit Testing. V-Shaped model is very useful for systems which require high reliability. System Testing Requirements Integration Testing High-Level Design Low-Level Design Unit Testing Implementation Phases: Requirements: Commences the life cycle; system test plan is created. High-Level Design: Focuses on design system architecture; integration tests are created. Low-Level Design: Software components are designed unit tests are created. Implementation: Coding takes place in this phase. Advantages: Its easy to use; but not as easy as the waterfall model. More chance of success than the waterfall model due to the early testings. Project moves quickly to the implementation stage. Useful for small projects; considering the requirements are easily understood known upfront. Disadvantages: Bugs in the final stage are very costly to fix. Total development time of v-shaped model is more than the waterfall model. Does not contain any risk analysis activities Throwaway Prototyping model: Very useful in situations the users needs and requirements are not clear. The main objective of this model is to validate or drive the system requirements. This model is developed to reduce the requirement risks. This prototype is developed and then delivered to the user for experiments and then it is discarded, hence throw away prototype; and it should not be considered as a final system. Advantages: Requirement risks are fewer If delivered model does not meet the users needs, then it can be discarded and new models can be developed. Disadvantages: Can be undocumented Developers may be push to deliver the throw away prototype as the final system, which is not recommended. System structure may be degraded due to the changes made during the software development process. Evolutionary Prototyping model: In evolutionary prototyping, the initial prototype is developed and it is then refined through number of stages to final stage. The main objective is to deliver the working system to the user. Verification is not possible because there is no specification. Requirement gathering, Refinement Quick Design Building Prototype Refine Requirement End-User Evaluation End Product Refine Prototype Advantages: System development involves the user Working system is delivered fast A more useful system can be delivered Disdvantages: Time required to complete project is unknown. May have problems; Management, Maintenance and Verification problems. Incremental model: The incremental model is similar to the Waterfall life cycle model, but there are multiple development cycles here, which makes it a multi-waterfall cycle. It has an iterative approach (repeating), and each iteration passes through each of the phases. A working version of software can be produced during the first iteration, which means a functioning software is available early in the cycle. 1st Increment Analysis Test Code Design 1st Increment delivery 2nd Increment 2nd Increment delivery Analysis Test Code Design nth Increment Test Code Design Analysis nth Increment delivery Time Advantages: Working Software can be developed quickly early during the life cycle. Its less costly to change requirements therefore; Flexible. Easier to test and fix errors End-users get to see working software early in the software development life cycle. Disadvantages: The total development cost is higher Well defined project planning is required to distribute the work properly. Spiral Model: Also known as Spiral lifecycle model. This model combines the features of the waterfall model and the prototyping model. The Spiral Model is most commonly used in large, complicated and expensive projects; and constant review is needed to stay on target. The main area in which Spiral model is used is Game development due to the constantly changing goals size of the large project. Cumulative Cost Progress 1. Determine Objectives, Alternatives, Constraints 2. Evaluate alternatives. Identify, and resolve risks. Review 3. Development Tests 4. Plan next Phases Advantages: Important issues can be discovered earlier, which makes estimation of budget schedule more realistic reliable. Good amount of risk analysis Really good for large projects Software can be conceived early in the life cycle. Flexible allows for multiple iterations. Disadvantages: Not suitable for smaller projects Success of the project depends on the risk analysis Costly Requires knowledgeable staff; for risk analysis. 2. Identification of the Functions and Purpose of a Systems Life Cycle. The systems life cycle is a series of well-defined phases in the development of systems. It is very important that a project should meet the required specification, should be within budget and delivered on time. Large system developments can take a long time to be developed and can be very costly too; therefore most organisations use the systems life cycle (stages) to develop systems because it saves time isnt as costly. Programming Maintenance Installation Design Feasibility Study Analysis 1. Feasibility study Different solutions are examined in this stage. First step of this stage is to discover the funds available and then compare with the benefits of the company, in view of their requirements because sometimes in order to arrive at final decision a trade-off (give and take) has to be accepted e.g. less functionality for less cash. There are three different options that a company could choose: Options Benefit Cost Performance Company does not change anything No interference to the business. Least cost System remains outdated. Less efficient N/A Company updates half of the system Least efficient parts are redesigned to improve performance while best parts of the system are not changed Moderate, light training for staff 40% improved Complete upgrade More profitable High, New equipments, Upgraded Software, Training for staff. 80% improved (over the old system) 2. Investigation and Analysis Investigation First step of this stage is to investigate the old system and problem it is causing. There are different ways to find out the problems: Questionnaires and Interviews Observing people using the old system Following the information from the point it enters the system till the point of output. Taking the cause of the problem These steps should lead toward the true cause of the problem Analysis The next part is to analyze how the existing system works how information is handled and how people interact with it. To Analyze, different methods are used e.g. System diagrams This shows the dealings between different systems in the company or outside. System diagram shows how they interact and what depends on what and so on. Data Flow Diagram This shows the movement through the system, how the system deals with the information, how information flows through the system, how dose it connect and disconnect and what the outputs are. Process Diagram This shows how people interact with the system for example an employee makes a claim, first it will go to manager who will counter-sign the claim it will then go to account manager who authorizes payment and so on. 3. Design This stage defines the system in greater detail and the best way to start this stage is to write down exact details of the new system e.g. The data Inputs The data Outputs Screen Layouts Documents that are printed out Procedure of the data that flows through the system The structure of any files that store data How information is accessed And so on The testing procedure comes after the system has been built. In my opinion it is really useful to build a test procedure before starting to build a system because, if you know how the system will be tested, it will lead you towards a better design. Prototype Prototype is something that allows you to build a program without having to worry about the details, it is to confirm that design is likely to work. The master document created in this stage is called System Requirement Document. 4. Programming This stage takes the design forward and put it into practice and this stage take place when the client has agree on what needs to be done (Requirement Specification) and the Analyst has clearly described what needs to be done(System Requirement Document). There are several terms involved in this stage so it is reasonable to break down the System Requirement Document into sections that each can develop. At this stage following things may take place: The software developers write code The hardware people develop equipment The testing team develops test plans The user-testing groups follow the test plans and check the system works as expected 5. Installation Now the system is developed and tested and it is working correctly and doing what client wanted. The key events in this stage are: Data conversion: Data stored on the old system are now converted into the correct format for the new system. System Change Over: switch off the old system and turn on the new system, which is not as simple as it sound. Alternatives Run the old and new system in parallel for a time Customer does not care what your IT system is made up of, they are only concerned about their order. One method is to run the old system along the new one, then in the quiet time the new system store the old system data and is then fully loaded and ready to go. Training Training is the vital part of this stage, staff training must take place. Staff needs to be shown how to use the new system How to access help when they run into difficulties Member of a development team should be available on call A user manual should be available for staff 6. Maintenance The new system is running smoothly and it will need to be looked after so maintenance stage takes care of the following that can take place: Problems are cleared as they occur Tweaks to the system are applied to improve performance The system has to be moved due to office movement Data is backed up and kept safe Equipment are replace as required Basically this stage never ends until the new system becomes old and is then switch with new system. 3. Undertake a User Needs Analysis (UNA) for your system. SYSTEM USED: CINEMA BOOKING SYSTEM UNA is the first stage in the system development process. UNA in system developing includes task that is demanded by the user for new or different system. Requirements must be actionable, measurable, and testable and must be related to user needs. The best way to undertake UNA in my view is to have a workshop with the users who will use the new system. This will give me one clear idea of what the new system must do. When working on developing the new system Ill have a better idea of what users wants from the new system, keeping every users requirements in mind. So Ill set up a workshop, in which Ill ask users what they want from the new system. I will document their requirements as I go along. Basically Ill ask different questions from the users and then the users themselves will work out what kind of a new system they want. Questions that Ill ask users: What the new system should do? Do you want it to be networked with other computers? How long the information needs to be saved? Should staff login when using the system? Anything needs to be printing? What information needs to be print out? Payment procedure/ types of cards? Discounts: student Inputs, process and outputs Internet booking/ serial number only for internet booking This is how Ill design the system, keeping in view the users requirements. It will be an advanced system which will be quite reliable and it will be easy for the users to use this system. System Requirements: Inputs Serial number only for Internet booking Name Payment Age/ discount Name of the movie Date Process Theater Number Discount reduction Output Movie ticket for customer Information saved in the system This program is supposed to save the information of the customer and print out a movie ticket containing the required information. Print out of the ticket Name Age payment Discount Payment after discount Theater Number Movies name Date System will show this information on the Ticket. 4. Produce a Systems Context Diagram for your system. User/ Staff New system Customer Info given Input filled Data saved Ticket Process Calculate discount if applied and check for seats in theatre Saved in server for 3 days and is access able by any member of staff Checks the Ticket Ticket given Check movie and time Login Administrator Login Update Movie Data Delete Old Data Updates the system This Diagram explains the program I am building for the Cinema. Circles in the diagram mean the first thing is done by Administrator, User/ Staff and the customer. Explanation: Administrator must update the system by inserting new movies and deleting old movies. User/ Staff is the person who can access the system by login in and takes the details (info given) of the customer. User/ Staff then enter the details (input filled) in the system. News System will process the input and process it, calculate discount if applied and check for seats available in theatre. Itll then give two outputs Data Saved and Ticket. Data Saved meaning the data will be saved in a server for three days and is access able by any member for staff but the saved data cannot be changed after the Ticket is printed out. Ticket will be printed out and is going to be checked by the staff. Staff will give the ticket to the customer. 5. Produce a Level 1 Current Physical Data Flow Diagram for your system. D1 User/ Staff/ counter Enquires Deposits and Withdrawals Process customer data Tickets recheck Data store System Cash Customer Customer details/ data Print Ticket Details are checked Ticket handed to the customer Resource Flow Data Flow Outside data Process D2 In this Physical Data flow diagram customer, who is outside data, goes to the counter to purchase a ticket for the movie. Counter/ staff take his query and process it, system then stores the data and process a ticket, which is given to the customer. 6. Produce a Level 1 Required Logical DFD for your system. Admin User/ Staff Customer System Process Data Stored Ticket Updates the System Customer details/ data Ticket Input customer detail/ data Calculates discounts Theatre No. Stores in a server Print out Ticket details are checked by user/ staff Data Flow Source of Data In this Diagram Admin is updating the data for the system and user is taking the detail/ data of the customer and entering it in the system to process a Ticket for customer. 7. Decompose one of the processes to a Level 2 Required Logical Data Flow Diagram for your system. Admin System Process Data Stored Updates the System Adding new movie data Deleting old movie data Stores admin new data Stores customer data Movie is suitable for customer (age) Theatre availability Calculate discounts Store data in server Auto deletes 3 days old customer data Access to old data In this Diagram Admin is updating the data for the system and system is processing customer details against admin updated data and it is then stored in a server for three days. 8. Construct a Logical Data Structure for the system you are producing. Customer Staff/ counter Ticket Enquires Ticket Customer will seek staff on counter for any enquiry or to purchase a movie ticket Provide service to customer Staff will take customer details from customer for a movie ticket To process a Ticket, staff will have to enter customer details in the system for a movie ticket Ticket is handed to the customer after staff checks for any errors 9. With the aid of your Logical Data Structure, produce an Entity/Event Matrix for your database system. Customer Purchasing a ticket for a movie Enquiry Staff/ Counter Staff/ Counter Solve the issue Yes No Job done Admin Enter customer details in the system System process Ticket Data stored Staff (checks it) Customer (takes ticket) Server 10. Describe the Required Physical Data Model. Customer details/ data Admin Admin login Update new movie data Delete old movie data Problem solving Staff Customer service System operator Staff login handle customer details Ticket Cashier Customer Enquires Ticket purchaser Updates the System Input customer detail/ data System Customer internet serial no. Customer name Customer age Payment method Discount Amount paid Name of the movie Theatre number Date Stores admin updated data Access to old data Check for any errors on the ticket Process Movie is suitable for the customer (age) Discount reduction Theatre number Draft ticket Print out Data stored Stored in server Access able Auto delete 3 days old data Ticket Customer name Customer age Payment method Discount Amount paid Movies name Theatre number Date Admin updates the system and solve problems Staff handles the customers and input the customers details in the system System processes the data and check for availabilities Data is stored for 3 days Ticket is issued for customer as a receipt

Health Benefits of Syzygium Cumini

Health Benefits of Syzygium Cumini ABSTRACT: Syzygium cumini which is commonly known as Jamun or Jambul is quite famous as the Indian summer fruit and is in use very much. This plant has innumerable use in the field of health and medicine. Starting from earlier the usage of jamun is in use and is been used in the ayurvedic and unani medicine from traditional times. Syzygium cumini (L). SKEEL is flowering plant which belong to the family Myrtaceae. The major function of Syzygium cumini is that it helps in the treatment of DIABETES. In many developing countries where medicine are not fully developed, the fruits of Syzygium cumini are been in use so as to cure many diseases. During many research it was been found that this plant is rich in many chemical composition which helps in curing many diseases. Particularly the plant contain a high amount of anthocyanin, glucoside etc. which contain medicinal properties. Not only the single part of the plant but each and every part of the plant contains medicinal properties starting from le aves till its bark and root all are of equally importance. The seeds especially play major role in the treatment of blood sugar as they help in reducing the blood sugar level in body and also constitute many antioxidants. The researchers have developed many medicine from the extract of jamun which can be beneficial in treating many diseases. The species of syzygium cumini is native to the countries like India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan etc. Scientist have found that the syzygium cumini consist of a wide varieties of phytochemicals and nutrients. In other countries it is also known as black plum, java plum etc. Apart from all these countries Syzygium is also been grown in various other countries and is been used in treating many disorders specially Diabetes. It is usually treated as a medicinal source from traditional time being. In this term paper the major important points which are been focused are what are all the important characteristic features of the plant Syzygium cumini and how this plant and its part are been used up in the health field. .KEYWORDS: phytochemicals, syzygium cumini, diabetes, INTRODUCTION If it has to be started from the very beginning the start would be from the origin of usage of the plant syzygium cuimni as a medicinal element. From early time when medicine were not known much to people the use of herbs and natural drugs were in very common state. Since then the use of plant is very common and from then onward the scope of syzygium became widely famous. SYZYGIUM CUMINI is a plant which is of great use. It has many characteristic compounds which possess disease curing feature. Syzygium is a species of Myrtaceae, which is native to the many countries such as Pakistan, India, Bhutan, etc. Since the research going on from the last few years it was found that this plant and all the part of it possess especially the seeds and bark possess anti-diabetic curing characteristic. During the studies in last decades the anti-diabetic feature of this plant is been cited in many research paper and review article. It is said to be that these plants are found to be rich in compounds such as anthocyanin, anti-oxidant properties and much more which help in curing this disease. It was noticed that the seeds contain many chemical composition which help in reducing the blood sugar level. Apart from the major role in curing diabetes Syzygium cumini also has many other properties and important role in health. It can be said that it is core of many function s which are been very useful for human beings. The discussion of each and every part of jamun and their major function is done. The other points which are been discussed would be up till now what all research is been done in the development of medicines from the plant extract. Hence these all point would be discussed in the following review article apart from this the major research growing up in the development of medicines from jamun is also been discussed futher. SOURCE: http://www.carlos-alvarado.com/2010_05_01_archive.htm BENEFICIAL PARTS OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI OR JAMUN During the research which was done it was found that not only the fruits but each and every part of the plant is found to be equally important and consisting of some of the medicinal value. [3] It was found that it was a very good source of cartenoids and many other vitamins which are been proved to be very beneficial for human beings. Starting from the leaves to the bark and seed each of the plant extract is of equally importance in medical field. On by one each of them are discussed as follows: LEAVES : It was earlier discussed that every part of syzygium cumini is comprised of a lot of medicinal value. One of the important part of this plant is its leaves. After doing several experiment is was found that the leaves of jamun consisted of anti-microbial characteristic. It was found that the extract of the leaves of this plant is been used in order to cure many skin diseases especially skin wound as they contain some of the important chemical composition such as: anthocyanin etc which consist of anti-microbial factor in it.[4] Due to these anti-microbial content the developing research institute are working so as to make many daily uses product such as soap and cream from jamun extract. Source: http://explorepharma.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/syzygium-cumini/ Apart from the antimicrobial characteristic the leaves of syzygium cumini also consisted of other important feature such as the leaves also helps in curing gum problems and teeth problems. Some recent research has shown that the extract of leaves if is used also helps in relieving from gastropathy, leucorrhoea, stoamchalgia etc. these are some of the major problems related to the stomach. The leaves extract also helps in curing stomach constipation. Thus the leaves of this plant, syzygium cumini is of equally important as it helps in curing many gastrointestinal problems. SEEDS Seeds of syzygium cumini plant is of atmost importance. It was noticed that the leaves also possess many other characteristic feature out of which the cure of diabetes is n of the important feature. During the last 125 year research which was much before the discovery of insulin many evidence were seen which defined that seeds of these plants help in curing the blood sugar level. In the research it was found that the seeds of jamun contain many elements such as gulcoside jambolin which help usually help in reducing blood sugar level by reducing the conversion of starch to sugar by changing the various chemical processes in it. Apart from this one characteristic the leaves also contain other falvonoids, phenol and rich in protein and calcium. [4]. After performing several experiment on mice and rats it was found that seed of syzygium cumini were capable of curing main 2 type of diabetes Hence it was experimentally proved that the seeds of syzygium were proved to be effective against controlling blood sugar level. Other studies have also revealed that the seeds also contain many alknoids , these alknoids have an ability toward the hyperglycemic effect. Hence it can be beneficial in many ways. BARK Bark which is another part of the plant jamun is also effective in many manners. The bark of syzygium cumini contain ANTI-OXIDANT characteristic. It also comprises of many other characteristic one of which is diabetes control too. It can be said that overall each and every part of jamun is of equally significance. Starting from the leaves to the bark and fruit each hold medicinal characteristic. In this the bark of the plants are found to be having properties like antimicrobial which is also one of the important characteristic. FRUITS OF JAMUN The fruits of jamun are also very significant. After doing several research, scientist have found that the fruit of jamun is mainly treated in symptoms like stomachic , diuretic, etc. Many a times the juice of this fruits is been consumed in order to get relieve from problems like constipation and many other gastrointestinal problems. A very common problem related to gum is known as GINGIVITIS which can also be cured by using the extract of fruits of this plant{7} Due to these several important characteristic these are commercially used and many medicines are also been derived from them. Source: http://trade.indiamart.com/details.mp?offer=4336727155) As the health benefits of syzygium were well known before hence many food industries started to making products from jamun or syzygium parts In this the main important products which were involved were the juices. Juices which were derived from jamun extract mainly from their fruits were commercially available in markets. These juice as shown in the above figure were thought to be a replacement of sugar, as it helped in controlling blood sugar level. In the field of ayurvedic medication the usage of jamun juices in place of sugar for diabetes patients is still in use. Now a days the main product extracted from syzygium is been jamun pulp, jamun vinegar jaumun powder etc are used for many other purposes apart from reducing blood ugar level. The vinegar derived from jamun is also a cure for many problems. The extracted vinegar can be used up in cases like swelling of liver and spleen.[6]. It is found that this vinegar is also helpful in decreasing the migrane pain up to some extent. Th e other important product derived from jamun is the seed powder. Source; http://spicingyourlife.blogspot.in/2009/07/jamun-seed-powder-diet-for-diabetics.html The powder which is been extracted from the seed are especially designed for diabetes cure which is often prescribed to diabetes patient. Very often people suffer from urine problems or kidney infection, these jamun extract in the form of powder or the pulp is prove to be effective in much cases. As it was earlier discussed that jamun comprises of astringent property which help in passage of urine easily. Hence it was seen that it help in solving the problem related to utrine infection. Sometime this powder is extracted from the other parts of the plant and hence consists of the properties like anti-oxidant majorly. In other words each and every part of jamun is enriched with medicinal value and holds up a very bright future prospect. SYZYGIUM CUMINI EFFECTIVE TOOL AGAINST DAIBETES Diabetes is one of the common and famous disease which arises due to many factors. It can be said that diabetes is a condition in which there is a rise in blood sugar level and the person starts to suffer from various symptoms such as increase in thirst, more urination etc. long term untreated diabetes may cause severe damage and problems to the body which may include the damage to the heart, kidney and eyes. Since early time when not much was known in the field of advanced medicine from that onward time diabetes has started spreading its arm around the world and no sooner it became famous worldwide. Diabetes is characterized in two types a) TYPE 1 which is stated as Diabetes mellitus and TYPE 2 which is diabetes insipidus. In an estimation given, it was found that till 2013, 382 million people were reported to be suffering from diabetes out of which 90% were reported to having Type 1 diabetes. Hence the cases of diabetes are increasing at an alarming rate in worldwide. Now in recent time when new discoveries are been arising in every field including DRUGS AND MEDICINE then there is the development of new kind of medicine which are been used as medicine for diabetes. But this is about today what about two or three decade ago when no accurate and exact cure of diabetes was been found. In early time Ayruvedic medicine were the only treatment which was been used up in curing any certain kind of disease. The people of that time also believed that the extract derived from the herbs and shrub can be helpful in curing diseases. As no perfect cure was known at that time hence the usage of the product derived from Syzygium cumini were used for the treatment of blood sugar blood level. After doing many research, it was found that Syzygium cumini or Jamun was proved as an adjuvant therapy in case of treatment of Diabetes Type 2. Apart from its seed which is a great source of anthocyanin and help in controlling the diabetes similarly the fruity purple pulp of this plant is also of great importance as it also anthocyanin rich. The various drug and medicinal research organization are been doing many research in order to determine the rate at which the seeds and pulp are helpful in controlling blood sugar. Studies have shown that the seeds of Syzygium cumini are rich in ellagitannins, a compound whose composition is of hexa hydroxyl diphenoyl glucose which help in reducing the content of sugar level hence help in decreasing the blood sugar level. Another important part of the Syzygium cumini plant is its fruits which also shows the anti-diabetic property. The fruits are a good source of chemical like glucosides, jambolin and ellagic acid which help in reducing the conversion of starch into glucose thus help in controlling the blood sugar level. Hence Syzygium cumini comprises of many essential compounds which help in curing diabetes. Not only in controlling blood sugar level Syzygium cumini or jamun also possess many other medicinal values. OTHER MEDICINAL VALUE OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI Up till now Syzygium cumini studied for its anti- diabetic property. But many research paper also state that apart from its anti-diabetic property, Syzygium cumini is a ocean of many other features or characteristics in the field of medicine. In India, Syzygium cumini commonly known as Jambolan is well recognized as a folk medicine as well as in pharmaceutical trade. If it is been said in medicinal value then the fruits and bark of this plant are said to be having diuretic, astringent and stomachic properties. Along with this in comparison to any other seasonal fruit Syzygium cumini comprises of a high level of anti-oxidant property. This anti –oxidant feature consist of constituents such as anthocyanin, falvonoids, tannin etc. These constituent are responsible for causing the anti-oxidant properties. In the market product such as in toothpaste etc which are used in household sometime contain jamun extract as it is rich in anti-oxidant property. Syzygium cumini plant is comprises of other health benefits too, out of which one is that it help in reducing the risk of degenerative diseases.[6] The degenerative diseases is diseases in which structure or function of the tissue or organ which is been affected deteriorate increasingly examples can be Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc. can also be cured up by using Syzygium plant. The fruit pulp of this plant which contains main four anti-oxidant constituents which include falvonoids , phenolic, vitamins and cartenoids. These all anti-oxidant help in reducing the oxidative stress and also help in inhibition of macromolecular oxidation which helps in reducing the risk of degenerative diseases. Apart from the curing these diseases, there are many other diseases and problems which can be cured by using the extract of Syzygium cumini . Some of the important and characterized feature of treatment of diseases with Syzygium cumini are: Syzygium cumini possess antineoplastic. Antineoplastic is property of acting to prevent, inhibit or stop the development of a neoplasm which is also known as a tumor. Extract from Syzygium cumini act as an antineoplastic agent, which can be helpful in treatment of disease such as colon cancer[7]. The fruits and bark extract of Syzygium cumini or Jamun have the Radioprotective and chemoprotective effect which help in treatment of cancer. The plant also contains flavonoids and gallic acid which help in the reduction of formation of tumor or reducing the carcinogenic effect. Hence apart from the treatment of diabetes, Syzygium cumini is a core of many health benefits. Thus it was found by the researchers that the Syzygium cumini or jamun help in curing up many diseases. SCOPE IN FUTURE IN FIELD OF TREATMENT As in the field of medicine new discovery always arises. By going through all the research work which is been done up till now regarding the role which Syzygium cumini plant species is playing in the field of medicine one thing is clear that this plant possess many characteristic property which could be used by in the medication and will also help in the improvement in the field of medicines. The major effect of this plant is on the treatment of diabetes. If the future scope is to be discussed then it must be seen that Syzygium cumini or Jamun holds up many advantages in the way of treatment of diabetes. Firstly as jamun is a inexpensive summer growing species it can be grown anywhere. Hence it is going to be a cheaper way of treatment. Not only this it is one of the natural remedy which prove to be quite effective and non-toxic or harmless as it doesn’t contain any harmful constituent. Easily available. Can be use in the day to day meal. Hence it is to be noted that Syzygium cumini is of great use. The major Drug and Medicine organization and research center are developing techniques in which they are deriving drugs and medicine from the extract of this plant. Apart from these research and drug development, the ayurvedic medicine are commercially are been generated in market for the uses. Hence it can be said that Syzygium cumini hold all the features which make it a powerful curable of disease. In future where new development is taking a step ahead this would be prove a long term beneficial medication. CONCLUSION Thus the role of Syzygium cumini is well defined and the advantageous of it are also been discussed in this review article. This review article was mainly done in order to get an idea what Syzygium cumini plant is capable off. Its characters, constituents and the role of various chemical present in it. Hence it all in one curable formula of disease.