Tuesday, February 25, 2020

Reasearch paper about Adulterants in toxicology specimens Research

Reasearch about Adulterants in toxicology specimens - Research Paper Example Basically, there are two classes of adulterants. One class includes the commonly available household substances including water, bleach, detergent, eye drops, baking soda, iodine tincture, and vinegar. The opposite classification includes the commercially out there adulterants with the subsequent ingredients: (1) nitrite: klear and whizzies. (2) Acid: â€Å"THC-FREE" and "Amber 13". (3) Detergent with purafyzi and test clean. (4) Glutaraldehyde: "Instant Clean Additive."(5) Oxidizing reagents: stealth and clear choic (Levine 5-6). In that sense, adulterants that are added to reduce the amount of expensive product in illicit drugs are termed as cutting agents. According to a view shared Levine (41) numerous biological specimens are usually tested for drug abuse. The compulsory guidelines for workplace drug testing need to make use of the urine as the basis of drug testing matrix. This is attributed to the fact that urine specimens usually have high drug concentrations and also contai n metabolites. On the other hand, alternate specimens provide particular advantageous over urine. They include: blood, saliva, semen, breath, earwax, nasal secretions, breast milk, nails, hair, and sebum all have the potential of being drug testing matrices. Blood is viewed to be a very useful matrix if the aim of the testing to determine the relationship between drug concentration and pharmacological effects. In that sense, hair and nails can also detect the long term or chronic use. Generally, the potential benefits of utilizing biological matrices as an alternative to urine include: greater analyte stability, less invasive collection requirements, a lower disease risk, ability to determine parent or the pharmacological active moiety, and easier shipment and storage (42). Urine Regulated workplace drug testing entities use urine as the specimen of choice for determining cocaine metabolite, opiates, amphetamines, and cannabinoids. In the non-regulated drug testing entities it may b e used to test for additional drug classes such as ethanol, benzodiazepines, and methadone. Illegal drug users may try to falsify the results by means of in vitro adulteration of specimens (Mikkelsen and Ash 2335). The adulterants can be added to urine so as to interfere with the definitive accuracy of drug tests. Most of these adulterants are oxidative in nature. Bleach, chromate, nitrite, and hydrogen peroxide are viewed as effective urine adulterants sometimes with pH adjusting substances, for instance sodium bicarbonate or vinegar that are utilized by the illegal drug users in order to conceal the positive results of marijuana. A study conducted by Buddha and Jacobs reported that there are many methods that can be used to establish the availability of chromate and nitrite. However, the effects of other oxidizing agents that could probably be used as adulterants and could possibly be hard to detect or measure the level of toxicity in the specimen of urine. According to study cond ucted by Buddha and Jacobs (460) found out that urine samples containing 9-carboxylic acid THC-acid were actually treated with oxidizing agents that are commonly available. This means that these adulterants can be detected by most drug testing labs’ procedures. However, some less expensive tests do not comprehensively search for them. Since not all the adulterants can

Friday, February 21, 2020

Criminal Justice Practitioners Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Justice Practitioners - Assignment Example Identified situations warranted the use of undercover officers, but not in the way applied by those deployed. Actions by the three strange undercover in the third example are crude and without any element of sophistication. It is easy to label actions by the officers as the crudest of the attempts. If they did so in the presence of people, it would be easy to spot them or even confuse them for thugs. It is easy to consider actions by the undercover police in the given examples espionage. The process involves betrayal and deception. It also defines sordid business considering that it involves people pretending to be friends. The greatest allure emanates from the mystery, the quick rush of covert operations, the playing-acting aspects, as well as the fearful, delicious in nature of catching out.Work by the undercover was anathema. It is difficult to call the actions attractive to virtuous people. The police officer in the first example for instance, provoked crime. He carried out research without warrants that could legalize the entire process. Furthermore, his actions appeared thuggish because there was nothing with probable cause. The officer applied a flimsy excuse to stop the suspect after setting a trap for him where he set an empty moneybag lost in the lumberyard in a visible position.The officer was provoking crime after failing to snap up the suspect after theft in the lum beryard. Undercover officers have much secretive power in their hands, but susceptible to misuse. The last example confirms the transition of virtuous people to becoming viscous. It is another reason that undercover officers cannot be virtuous.The officers resort to crude methods after the community extortionist beat all the techniques within the police and judicial systems.The officers used the services of their three other colleagues, not known to the community, to brutally beat the extortionist. After the ordeal underwent by the

Saturday, February 8, 2020

Reflection on the Group work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection on the Group work - Essay Example We were exposed to worldviews and discover alternatives in getting the work done. Extensive discussions and shared of opinions helped to improve our slides and understanding on the topic. In addition, we were able to share our responsibilities and the combination of abilities and skills allowed us to learn from each other and facilitated efficiency and productivity in delivering a quality work. Besides that, we had learnt to respect and understand people from different countries and behaviours thus developing our interpersonal and listening skills. Team spirit which is not available in an individual work has been a great motivation for us to drive our presentation to success and meet the submission dateline. All in all, it fostered our relationship while working together. Nevertheless, communication breakdown occurred occasionally due to difference in language and not all group members were native speakers. There was misunderstanding on allocation of work at the start of the project due to insufficient communication but was quickly resolved through explanations. On the other hand, conflicts were unavoidable for example the choice of research country as each team members favour home countries which they are familiar with. However, we were able to reach a consensus and all members showed their work commitments and provided constructive comments throughout the project. Lastly, it can be time consuming to work as a group as individuals have to come together at an agreed time and there would be free talk among group members which might not be relevant to our assigned task. Additional time spent on resolving conflicts and explaining views had significantly reduced our group efficiency and made it a slow process compared to working individually. I would be more confident in overcoming the difficulties in working in a multicultural group and breakdown the barriers such as stereotypes and prejudices. Additionally, I see communication as the main obstacle thus I would ma ke effort to be more patient and have high tolerance rather than being aggressive. Two-way communication and positive feedbacks are critical to resolve disputes and promote mutual understanding and respect. Besides that, I would be a good team player offering my skills, giving suggestions, be more co-operative and provide assistance to other team members when required. One of the personal weaknesses identified is that I do not have quick adaption to the change in environment or situation. I faced difficulties in communicating and expressing my views to my team members from diverse culture at the initial stage as I used to stay in my comfort zone. Also, there is lack of experience in dealing and handling conflicts and contradictions. My other negative trait would be that I tend to be a perfectionist. I like to work in an organized way and often get frustrated when other group members do not portray the same level of effort that I do. I have set a personal goal seek to overcome my wea knesses. I have decided to join societies and clubs in order to widen my circle of friends with different nationalities and countries to enhance my soft skills and develop my confidence in building relationships. The people skills will nevertheless be useful for conflict resolution enabling me to calm and control the situation besides developing problem solving skills. On the other hand, I would display more patience and accept the fact that all individuals are

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Change and Development in the English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Change and Development in the English - Essay Example When the West Saxon kingdom was overthrown England was left without a standard language where several dialects began to take important role. Started in 1066 AD by the troops of William the Conqueror, the Norman conquest of England was a pivotal event in English history as it basically removed the native ruling class and transformed the English language and the culture of England. "What the language would have been like if William the Conqueror had not succeeded in making good his claim to the English throne can only be a matter of conjecture. It would probably have pursued much the same course as the other Teutonic languages, retaining perhaps more of its inflections and preserving a preponderatingly Teutonic vocabulary, adding to its word-stock by the characteristic methods of word-formation already explained, and incorporating much less freely words from other languages... The Norman Conquest changed the whole course of the English language." (Baugh, 127) The Norman Conquest also h elped the English language acquire the greater part of that enormous number of French words and connected England more closely with continental Europe. By the introduction of Anglo-Norman as the language of the ruling classes in England, the Norman Conquest caused one of the most obvious changes in English history. In a critical assessment of the effects of the Norman Conquest of Britain on the English language, it becomes lucid that the most outstanding result is that the Norman Conquest reduced the Scandinavian influence and controlled the spread and growth of several creoles in English language. One of the most obvious results of the Norman Conquest was that it helped the progress of the English language along with its politics and law. In an analysis of the history of English language and its development, it becomes evident that the Old English which existed in England before the coming of the Normans in 1066 began to change due to the influence of the Anglo-Norman. "Although the majority of the population continued to speak English, French was now the language of the new ruling class and therefore the language of the new ruling class and therefore the language of government. This change in status for the English language allowed its grammar to change drastically." (Thackeray and Findling, 14) Such changes were reflected in the other aspects of the language such as spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Therefore, the salient linguistic effects of the Norman Conquest resulted in the growth of the language. Significantly, the linguistic effects of the Norman Conquest started in 1150 which influenced the remained relatively unchanged until then and the language slowly shifted from the Old English to Middle English. One of the features of the Old English speakers was that they hesitated from using foreign words, and normally made up their own correspondent of words rather than borrowing in a straight line. "One of the most significant differences between Old English and Middle English is the amount of borrowing from other languages, which expanded mainly with the Norman Conquest... The French, however, kept words and sounds similar to their foreign roots. One example of foreign sounds directly affecting English phonemics is the difference between [v] and [f]." (The Norman Conquest: The Impact)