Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Political and Socioeconomic Essay Example for Free

Political and Socioeconomic Essay The communication gap between First and Third world feminist, as expressed by Narayan lies within a cultural setting: though Western feminism is still an upholding to the rights of women, Third world feminism speaks towards a culture’s specific issues, as Narayan writes, â€Å"I am arguing that Third-World feminism is not a mindless mimicking of ‘Western agendas’ in one clear and simple sense that, for instance, Indian feminism is clearly a response to issues specifically confronting many Indian women† (13). Thus, feminism is explicit to country and cultural beliefs, not hinging upon a predetermined, or in this case Western view. There are many people, mostly women, who have been fighting for their equal rights – and we now commonly call this as feminism. Feminism started not merely on 19th century, but even during the 17th to 18th century. This is the very reason why feminists have gotten so much attention from well respected organization and government officials. With this idea in mind, many are now asking, who are the women who started the feminist movements and what prompted them to initiate such action? By digging deeper to what the real meaning of feminism is, it can also be identified the first few women who fought and strived really hard just to show the world that feminism is indeed worth fighting for. These women have their own issues that they highlighted and it all boils down to the fact that females are not just a decoration for males, instead, they are people who can be effective even in dealing with other important aspects of he society like the government. Feminists’ ideas started during the time of the infamous Enlightenment, with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Marquis de Condorcet who initiated championing womens education. The first scientific society for women was founded in Middleberg, a city in the south of the Dutch republic, in 1785. Journals for women which focused on issues like science became popular during this period as well. Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is one of the first works that can be called feminist, although by modern standards her comparison of women to the nobility, the elite of society, coddled, fragile, and in danger of intellectual and moral sloth, does not sound like a feminist argument. Wollstonecraft believed that both sexes contributed to this situation and took it for granted that women had considerable power over men. Indeed, it was during the late 17th century to the early 18th century that the earliest works on the so-called woman question criticized the restrictive role of women, without necessarily claiming that women were disadvantaged or that men were to blame (Deckard, 1975). When 18th century came, the movement is generally believed to have begun as people increasingly came to believe that women were treated unfairly under the law. The feminist movement is rooted in the West and especially in the reform movement of the 19th century. The organized movement is dated from the first womens rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 (Deckard, 1975). This feminism started not on one place or country, but coincidentally, a lot of women from various countries around the world fought for their rights as and equal and rightful members of the society. Emmeline Pankhurst was one of the founders of the suffragette movement and aimed to reveal the institutional sexism in British society, forming the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU). Often the repeated jailing for forms of activism that broke the law, particularly property destruction, inspired members went on hunger strikes. Due to the resultant force-feeding that was the practice, these members became very ill, serving to draw attention to the brutality of the legal system at that time. In an attempt to solve this the government introduced a bill that became known as the Cat and Mouse Act, which allowed women to be released when they starved themselves to dangerous levels, then to be re-arrested later. (Deckard, 1975). Meanwhile, the Feminist movement in the Arab world saw Egyptian jurist Qasim Amin, the author of the 1899 pioneering book Womens Liberation, as the father of Arab Feminist Movement. In his work Amin criticized some of the practices prevalent in his society at the time, such as polygamy, the veil, or womens segregation, and condemned them as un-Islamic, and contradicting the true spirit of Islam. His work had an enormous influence on womens political movements throughout the Islamic and Arab world, and is read and cited today (Deckard, 1975). Various women were able to raise their voices during that time. They were able to capture the attention of many and hear out their grievances. Let us take a closer look at each of the famous and most influential women during this Abolition Movement, and create a more prominent appreciation on their ways and methods of fighting for their cause. Among the most influential women whose actions were all aimed at highlighting the feminist rights, the Grimke sisters (Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke Weld) topped the list. Motivated by religion and a desire to live a useful life, they were among the first American women to speak in public. They wrote a number of tracts against slavery and for womans rights. To abolitionist acclamations, Angelina became the first American woman to address a state legislature. Both sisters would remain abolitionists and womans rights activists for the remainder of their lives with Angelina concentrating on the abolitionist movement and Sarah concentrating on the womans rights movement (Lerner, 1998). Sarah Grimke offered the best and most coherent Bible argument for womans equality yet written by a woman. She was also able to identify and characterize the distinction between sex and gender; she took class and race into consideration; and she tied the subordination of women both to educational deprivation and sexual oppression. She identified men, individually and as a group, as having benefited from the subordination of women. Above all, she understood that women must acquire feminist consciousness by conscious effort and that they must practice asserting their rights in order to think more appropriately (Lerner, 1998). Angelina, on the other hand, in several of her pamphlets and speeches, developed a strong argument for womens rights to political equality. In her insistence on womens right, even duty, to organize for political participation and to petition, she anticipated the practice and tactics women would follow for the rest of the century. In both her Appeal to Southern Women and in her Letters to Catherine Beecher she fashioned a defense of womens right to organize in the antislavery cause which connected it with the causes of white women and influenced the practice of several succeeding generations (Lerner, 1998). It is therefore in culture that the main difference between First-World and Third-World feminism lays. The treatment of women in India is one filled with hypocrisy. In Narayan’s essay, the India chastises Western civilization for their treatment of women; for instance, Indian women were permitted to attend higher education classes decades before the English even considered the aspect. Indian’s say that they treat their women as goddesses, while the West treats their women far less as equals, but this in turn is duplicitous, in examples Narayan gives of the treatment from men received by her grandmothers, and her mother (chastisement, beatings, and submissiveness, and silence). Narayan gives childhood examples of how she became a feminist, and they are not dominantly rooted in the idea of Westernization, but culturally in a Third-World view, as she writes, â€Å"†¦though I cannot bring myself to it, of her pain that surrounded me when I was young, a pain that was earlier than school and ‘Westernization’, a call to rebellion that has a different and more primary root, that was not conceptual or English, but in the mother-tongue† (7). This then gives insight into how feminism isn’t dependent upon the introduction of Western culture in liberating women, but is in fact contingent upon a witness’s own account of oppression and their reaction to that oppression, that is that Narayan’s own rebellion was a response to her mother’s sadness in being trapped by her mother-in-law and her marriage. This exemplifies the difference between First-World and Third-World feminism, the fact that Narayan must contend with the paradigm of Western feminism instead of simply revered as representing her own culture’s fault; Narayan is not representing Western ideas but is only supporting equality and fair treatment for her fellow Indian women. In the Indian culture, women are perceived to become wives first and their own identity as a person is wiped away by such a paradigm, this is true for the incentive of women’s movements, the West included. Indian wives are submissive and the Third-World culture enhances this notion by parlaying women into marriage at the age of thirteen (as Narayan’s grandmother had done), and treating them as Other rather than as Self. Narayan writes of the predominant sentiment found in India in regards to women, â€Å"They were anxious about the fact that our independence and self-assertiveness seemed to be making us into women who lacked the compliance, deference, and submissiveness deemed essential in good â€Å"Indian† wives† (8). The wife and mother ideas of women are predominant in most cultures, and the concord factor between First and Third world feminism is united in this fact, and their rebellion against such submissiveness. The culture of feminism is presented as one that has great bonds with politics. For both First-World and Third-World feminism there is no difference in the root of feminism when it is in politics, and political campaigns that women are often secluded: in schooling, voting, and citizenship, women have been treated secondarily in both First and Third world cultures. Therefore, Narayan’s generation of Third-world feminist aren’t rebelling because of Westernization, but because in their own politics women have been forgotten in India and in the West, â€Å" It takes political connections to other women and their experiences, political analyses of women’s problems, and attempts to construct political solutions for them, to make women into feminists in any full-blooded sense, as the history of women’s movements in various parts of the world shows us. † Therefore, the dichotomy of First-World and Third-World feminism finds harmony in this political connection. The westernization of Indian has been blamed for the rebellious nature of feminism and even the introduction of the women’s movement, but in fact, it is the own culture’s deviant nature that gives rise to the necessity of feminism. Narayan gives example of her cousin being tortured with cigarettes and being locked away while in another country and keeping silent about it for years until a relative came to visit. The silence is the devastating part of the story; in Indian culture, it is supposed and indeed ingrained in Indian women to hold their tongues, and be submissive, and not innocent, but obedient. Yet, western culture was seen to pervade the Indian traditional way of living, â€Å"Veiling, polygamy, child-marriage, and sati were all significant points of conflict and negotiation between colonizing â€Å"Western† culture and different colonized third-World cultures. In these conflicts, Western colonial powers often depicted indigenous practices as symptoms of the â€Å"backwardness and barbarity’ of Third-World cultures in contract to the â€Å"progressiveness of Western culture. † The figure of the colonized woman became a representation of the oppressiveness of the entire ‘cultural tradition’ of the colony. â€Å" (17) The effect of this colonization of Indian women was one of conflicting progressiveness. Traditions of Indian culture were already bred with English sentiments (such as the sari) and English clothing was continually being upgraded and introduced into Indian culture; in fact men were wearing suits long before women were allowed to change into less traditional clothing. In one example Narayan gives, she and her family went on a vacation in a more rural part of the country and she was instructed to wear her Indian clothing and not her Western clothes because she had hit puberty (though in the city nothing was wrong with such clothes), Narayan writes, â€Å"My story reveals that what counted as ‘inappropriately Western dress’ differed from one specific Indian context to another, even within the same class and caste community†(27). The effects of Westernization therefore and colonization give rise to differing ideas of what constitutes traditional wear from one part of the country to another. In conclusion, Narayan gives insight to how differing opinions of feminism are still spurned from similar ideals. Third-World feminists are not ‘outsiders within’, that is, they are not denying the tradition of their country, but instead, feminists need to challenge some of the more patriarchal rules of India. Third-World feminists are not denying their culture, but are asking for change. Work Cited Ahmed, Sara (2004). â€Å"The Cultural Politics of Emotion†. Routledge Publishing Boydston, Kelley, Margolis, The Limits of Sisterhood, p. 178. Deckard, Barbara. 1975. The Womens Movement: Political, Socioeconomic and Psychological Issues New York: Harper Row. p. 253. Gerda Lerner. 1988. The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina: Pioneers for Womens Rights and Abolition. Oxford University Press. Narayan, Uma. Speech and Silence in the Mother Tongue. Yee. Shirley J. Abolitionist Movement. February 2002. Sunshine for women. http://www. pinn. net/~sunshine/whm2002/abolitn. html

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

The History Of Canadian Immigration

The History Of Canadian Immigration The History of Canadian Immigration is far from idyllic. Contrary to the myth cherished by most Canadians, immigrants were not always welcomed with an outpouring of compassion for the worlds downtrodden, oppressed and displaced. They were brought here to work and Canada was not about to coddle them. They toiled at back-breaking jobs ploughing farmland, laying railroad track, mining and cutting timber. They were sometimes shunned, patronized and exploited. (Malarek 1987) History repeats itself goes the saying. Decades later, the situation is the same except that, I would say, immigrants are most welcomed now, particularly highly skilled ones. They come to Canada and the majority of them are still toiling at back-breaking jobs. I decided to conduct this research after meeting many of my fellow co-workers who happened to be from my native homeland at my workplace (a call centre in Markham, Ontario) in the year 2005. I was a freshly landed immigrant, happy to have secured a transit job. I am using the term transit because I thought it was just a beginning, eventually I would land a job in my field(a teacher by profession, myself), but this hope was short lived. I was appalled to learn that people who were chief engineers, doctors, accountants (the list is exhaustive) in Mauritius, had been working as call centre agents for the last 3-4 years at that same location. I wanted to inquire into the myth and the reality of this phenomenon as it became evident that high skilled immigrants from Mauritius are underemployed in the Canadian workforce. Is Canada indeed gaining from these brains or are they simply brain drains for the sending country? The myth of securing a white collar job in Canada is short lived by the reality of the Canadian job market or rather the Canadian immigration system. The The 2008 Canadian immigrant labor market: Analysis of quality of employment (Stats Can) shows that more than 1.1 million workers aged 25 to 54 who had a university degree were working in occupations whose normal requirements were at most a college education or apprenticeship. The share of immigrants with degrees who were over-qualified was particularly prevalent among university-educated immigrants who landed within five years before the survey. Literature Review A hundred years from now, I dont suppose people will care all that much whether we legalised marijuana or not. But decisions about who you let into Canada will decide the kind of country we have 100 years from now on. Richard Tait, chairman of Canadian Immigration and Population study, Green paper 1975. (Knowles 2007) By the beginning of the 1980s, Canada was considered one of the primary countries responsible for global brain drain. Already in 1976, 59% of its approximately 150 000 immigrants were from developing countries in Asia, the West Indies and Africa. The demographic characteristics indicated a predominance of young adults whose intended occupations reflected their high levels of education. (Tanner, p.35) In an October 1999 speech, Elinor Caplan, the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration at that time consciously said: Our goal is to make Canada a place for brain gain, not brain drain.(Tanner, p.39) The situation was alarming as studies showed that many of the well educated high-skilled immigrants from developing countries were working in low -salary jobs such as taxi-driving or marketers. Furthermore, 29% of male immigrants aged 25-44 who had arrived in Canada since 1991 were still unemployed. Canada has been extracting high cost immigrants from underdeveloped and developing countries, but simultaneously has not been able to optimally utilize the human capital invited to the country. It is clear that skills which are the basis for entry under the actual screening system, are being considered as mockery. (Tanner, p.39) Point System Canada actively seeks to recruit skilled workers from abroad. Immigrants must be highly educated and have broad based skills. Prospective migrants are selected through a point system that targets people less than 45 years old. It is clear therefore that the point system is in itself is categorising people according to their brains. Applicants are evaluated before migration on a number of human capital characteristics such as occupational skills, academic qualifications and money. Currently, 67 out of an available 100 points are required for an applicant to be successfully admitted. Educational credentials are awarded up to 25 points, official language knowledge is awarded up to 24 points, work experience is awarded up to 21 points, and the remaining 30 points are earned based on age, adaptability, and arranged employment (maximum 10 points each).(Li 2003) The Economic Class in Canada is designed to facilitate entry of skilled immigrants who are well prepared to adapt to Canadas labour market and economy. Similarly, a study by Picot and Hou (2003) found that in spite of the purported opportunities created by the knowledge-based economy, having a university degree did not protect recent immigrants from the increased likelihood of being low-income, regardless of their field of study. Indeed, the largest difference in low-income rates between the Canadian-born and recent immigrants was among university graduates, particularly those with engineering applied science degrees. Skills discounting, which refers to the devaluation of foreign experience and credentials, is understood to have two main causes. First, employers likely have imperfect information on the migrants source country, especially as source countries shift from European to Asian and African. It is unrealistic for Canadian employers to know, or even take the steps required to d etermine, the quality of international educational institutions, the curriculum of those institutions academic programs, and the relevance to the Canadian labour market of the skills imparted to their graduates. In response to this uncertainty, Canadian employers may adopt a risk-averse strategy, giving preference to Canadian experience and accreditations. There is evidence to suggest that there is considerable variance in the quality of foreign earned credentials (Sweetman 2004). In some cases, while the title of the foreign credential may be the same as one conferred in Canada, that foreign credentials actual contribution to Canadian labour market productivity is significantly less. This discrepancy certainly warrants caution from Canadian employers as it results in shocking waste of talent. It is now widely spread and acknowledged in the world that Canada is doing a poor job by not recognizing the skills and the work experience of high skilled immigrants. Basran and Zong (1998) showed that many foreign trained immigrants in professional fields experienced downward mobility in Canada and that an overwhelming majority of respondents attributed their occupational disadvantage to the problem of foreign credential devaluation. On one hand the point system favours professionals but on the other hand, overseas immigration officers do not point out the obstacles newcomers face in obtaining employment in their field of expertise. Mark Stolarik, a university of Ottawa history professor claims that immigration officers deliberately mislead professionals by not warning them against the closed stops of many Canadian professions, especially medicine. This drawback not only has serious implications within these immigrants community but it also affects the Canadian economy. According to the Conference Board of Canada, the frequent failure to recognise the qualifications of present day newcomers robs the economy of as much as $ 3.4 billion annually. (Knowles 2007). In light of the above, a study of the career path of highly skilled immigrants who left prestigious positions in the Republic of Mauritius for Canada; thinking that the pastures are greener here than there is sought. The research will also consider the effect of this abnormality in the family and the damage to the health of the main applicant. Research Question and Hypothesis. My general research questions are: Do highly skilled immigrants find employment in Canada that matches their skills? If immigrants are underemployed, does this represent a brain gain for Canada? Do highly skilled immigrants leave behind prestigious positions when immigrating to Canada? How far is the point system of immigration responsible for the deceit among the Mauritian immigrants in Canada? Is Canada injecting money in her economy by forcing highly skilled immigrants to re-certify themselves? My more specific questions will be: Why do Mauritians immigrate? What are the pull and push factors involved? What do you think will be the job prospects in your field? What if the Canadian pasture is not as green as expected? I hypothesize that high skilled immigrants from Mauritius are being duped by the point system in place to qualify as potential immigrant to Canada. Looking at their underemployment in the Canadian workforce, they seem to have been a brain drain for Mauritius rather than a brain drain to Canada. Research Design and Method I will conduct my research as participant observer in employment agencies across the three metropolitan cities of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. These are the cities where majority of Mauritian immigrants settle with their families. I will also be conducting targeted interviews among highly skilled professionals. It will be necessary to do a comparative research in order to get a better insight of what is happening across Canada, this will help to eliminate biases to some extent. By extending the study throughout these three cities, I will be able to determine if Mauritians settled elsewhere, other than Toronto, are being favoured based on their ethnicity and language ability. I will point out here that Mauritians are multi ethnic (Muslims, Hindus, Anglo-Saxons, Jewish, Chinese, Negroes and Tamils).They are all officially bilingual (English and French).Anglo-Saxons of French descent and Negroes choose Montreal as their new home because they are the most avid French speakers in Maur itius and they carry the hope of securing a job based on their qualifications due to that advantage.. I will want to know if these people are encountering the same problem as their counterparts in Toronto or Vancouver .I suppose they might be luckier since Montreal is French speaking. My research will be cross-cultural as I will be studying 3 samples of each ethnic group in each city. The research will be divided into 2 groups: those who are already in Canada and those who are applying for immigration to Canada. For that latter part, I will travel to Mauritius and I will carry my research there for a period of 10 days. My study in itself will last 12 months. To get samples, I will target areas inhabited by different ethnic groups. This will be made possible by attending the community worship places on Sundays. Once I get 1-2 people, I will proceed by snowballing; this method involves contacting other people through a first set of known people. I will advertise my research project in strategic areas such as in the vicinity of immigrant help centres and schools. These will not be necessary in Mauritius due to its size and the familiarity with the island. I will consult the Citizenship and Immigration Canada and the Statistics Canada websites as well for a detailed analysis of high skilled immigrants employment. Notebooks, audio and video recordings will be used during the entire process and a daily analysis will be done and recorded accordingly. Ethical Considerations and Practical Problems It goes without saying that ethics and piratical problems will be part and parcel of my research. I am speculating forward to raising painful memories amongst the immigrant groups, particularly those have had to sell all their assets back home to be able to afford the cost of immigration. I will point out that here that a family of four persons should have a minimum of $15000 Can (which approximately amounts to 450 000 Mauritian rupees, that is a considerable amount of money for the working class in Mauritius).In many a case, people either sell their property or borrow from others to afford the move, which is considered a matter of privilege that is not given to everybody. With this in mind, people might not want to go back home after realising that their degrees have no worth in Canada. How can they face their family and friends, what will they tell them and where will they live? Another problem could be the fear of being recognised on television through the documentary, they do not want people back home to learn about their condition through me. They will not be willing to be interviewed by a citizen of their country for that purpose. Shame will definitely act as a barrier between us. While some will repulse me, others will accept to talk to me and by so doing; they will pretend to be happy. They will not be eager to show their suffering to people of Mauritius ever since their arrival, they will probably be lying about their job status by pretending to be working in their field of origin. People do not want to become a laughing stock of others they have left back, particularly those who might have been jealous with their big move. So, they will definitely not want to speak about their frustration and deceit. Gender discrimination is another factor that can influence my research negatively. Mauritians have the habit of underestimating the capabilities of women; therefore I will expect my respondents to either not talk to me at all or show superiority complex towards me. They might want to make me feel low. Others, who like the anonymity of the big city, will not bother to come forward to introduce themselves to me or even worse to participate in a TV documentary. On one hand the fact that I am a Mauritian too, might push me to over identification, in the sense that I might be tempted to share my subjects problems by intervening. I might become emotional on witnessing their situation. On the other hand, I might hesitate to tell future immigrants about the under employment problem endured by Mauritians in Canada. I will be ill treated. They will take for granted that I will be discouraging them from moving or they might say: What are you doing there then? By not saying anything to them, will I not be unethical in my research? Considering the above points, I am sure to be biased in my research to an uncontrollable extent. For the purpose of this research, I will hold all of my information like names of people, names of cities and any information of sensitive nature in strict confidence. Pseudonyms will be used .I will be the one video recording my subjects and I will make sure their face appears as scrambled on TV.I will even try to use technology to modify their voices. These conditions will be discussed with them beforehand and by so doing, I will be protecting the identity of my respondents. Primary reference: Books Campbell, C. M. (2000). Betrayal Deceit: The politics of Canadian immigration. West Vancouver, BC: Jasmine Books. The author goes analyses the sensitive issues around the Canadian immigration. He enumerates some of the myths of immigration, namely, the rate of annual immigration, low birth rate and immigration, need for a larger population, contribution of immigrants in the Canadian economy and job creation amongst others. Kapur, Devesh McHale John. (2005). Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The global hunt for talent and its impact on the developing world. Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development. The authors discuss the impact of globalization on migration around the world. They also talk about how talent hunt results in brain drain due to this phenomenon. Knowles, Valerie. (2007). Strangers at Our Gates. Canadian Immigration and Immigration policy, 1540-2006. Toronto, ON: Dundurn Press. The author gives us an insight of the beginnings of the Canadian immigration, the arrival of the European settlers and the Jewish settlers. She also talks about the post war boom and the implementation of the point system. She differentiates between the advantages and disadvantages of the system. Li, Peter S. (2003).Destination Canada: Immigration Debates and Issues. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press. Its a book about the history of immigration and globalization and how the latter has created numerous opportunities for high-skilled immigrants, mainly in the U.S, Canada and Australia. It also talks about how these countries are benefitting from the mobility of these highly skilled professional immigrants. Malarek, Victor (1987). Havens Gate: Canadas Immigration Fiasco. Toronto, ON: Macmillan of Canada. The author writes about how immigration has impacted the social and economic fabric of Canada. He discusses the crisis immigrants undergo and the position of politicians with respect to it. Tanner, Arno. (2005).Emigration, Brain Drain and Development: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa. Helsinki, Finland: East-West Books Helsinki, Finland and Migration Policy Institute. The author gives an insight of how international migration is increasingly becoming a matter of selection. He shows how international and educated labour from developing countries to developed countries is considered a win-win situation. He writes about how this can have serious unintended impact for countries of origin. Journals: Beine, M., Docquier, F., Rapoport, H. (2008). Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: Winners and losers*. The Economic Journal, 118(528), 631-652. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02135.x This journal article talks about the impact of brain drain on developing countries. Chetsanga, C.J. (2003). An Analysis of the Cause and Effect of the Brain Drain in Zimbabwe. Harare: SIRDC It is a research study carried out to inquire into why Africans (Zimbabweans) leave their country to settle elsewhere. The writer talks about how the Diaspora should play a role in reducing the push and pull factors triggering the desire to move. Kabra, Nayan K. (1975).Political economy of brain drain. Reverse Transfer of Technology. New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann. Kabra discusses the effects of brain drain and how the latter can turn into reverse transfer of technology. Oreopoulos, P. (2009). Why do skilled immigrants struggle in the labour market a field experiment with six thousand resumes? Vancouver, BC: Metropolis British Columbia. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/lib/oculyork/docDetail.action?docID=10298809 The researcher investigates responses to job postings targeted by recent immigrants landed under the point system and that of non immigrants in an employment agency in Toronto. He gives the readers surprising results. Please come, we need you. (2002). Economist, 363(8268), 36-39. Reitz, G. Jeffrey. (2001). Immigrant Success in the Knowledge Economy: Institutional Change and the Immigrant Experience in Canada, 1970-1995, vol: 57 iss: 3. Reitz examines the institutional changes associated with the emergence of a knowledge economy specifically the expansion of education and the changing labor market structure, shaped employment experiences of newly arriving immigrants to Canada over the period 1970-1995 doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00230 Roisin, Anne-Christine. (2004, December). The Brain Drain. UN Chronicle, 41(4), 51-52, 57. Document ID: 809767831. Roisin discusses the benefits and losses of skilled migration and the role of the government sand international bodies with respect to the phenomenon. Schwanen, Daniel. (2000).Putting the Brain Drain in Context, 140 8001-824. Somerville, Kara Walsworth, Scott (2009). Vulnerabilities of Highly Skilled Immigrants in Canada and the United States, American Review of Canadian Studies 39: 2 Retrieved from http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t906519462 Togman, J.M. (2005).The suffering of the Immigrant. International Migration Review, v. 39 no.2 Retrieved from http://gateway.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca Websites: Citizenship and Immigration Canada http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/index.asp Statistics Canada http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/10604/6921-eng.htm#aut Galameau, Diane. Morissette, Renà ©. (2004). Perspectives on Labour and Income. Immigrants: Settling for less? Vol.5, no. 6 This online article talks about the hurdles of highly qualified immigrants with respect to finding an appropriate job in Canada. The writers discuss the factors influencing this state of things and make a comparison of these immigrants to their Canadian born counter parts. Interviews: Informal interviews have been carried out. Neighbours, friends and some close relatives have been informally interviewed with respect to the subject matter. Additional Readings: (Biles, Burstein Frideres, 2008). Immigration and Integration in Canada: In the Twenty-first Century. Kingston, ON: Queens University Publications Unit. (K. Dewalt, 2002; B. Dewalt, 2002). Participant Observation: A Guide for Field Workers Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. Glazer, Myron.(1972). The Research Adventures: Promise and Problems of Field Work. New York: Random House. Hellman, Judith, A. (2008). The World of Mexican Migrants: The Rock and the Hard Place. New York: The New Press. Jankowski, Martin, S. (1991).Islands In the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. . .

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Master Harold vs No Exit Essay -- Literary Analysis, Sartre, Fugard

The setting of a play is extremely vital. It could a form of symbolism, foreshadowing, or it can affect the characters in the play. The is exactly the case in both No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre and â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the boys by Athol Fugard. The setting in both plays contain of one room that mainly consists of three major characters. The setting has an enormous impact on the behavior of the characters. The time period in which both plays are form also effect the style of writing and the characters. No Exit has an existentialist style of writing were as â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the boys was written in the apartheid era of South Africa. Both books have similar settings, but also involve some dissimilarity. The stage directions and the dialogue of the characters tell the audience that the play is set in one room. The number of characters that are going to be represented in the play are seen in the first scene. In the beginning of No Exit the stage directions show the audience the room. â€Å"A drawing-room in Second Empire style† (Sartre 3). This tells the reader that the play is in a one room set. â€Å"Then we’re to stay by ourselves, the three of us† (Sartre 10). One of the characters, Inez, is stating the fact that only three people are to reside in the room. This will create some tension, because No Exit is based on hell. The whole idea of hell to everyone is that it comes with a demon figure that is suppose to torture everyone. â€Å"The racks and red-hot pincers and all the other paraphernalia?† (Sartre 4). This is the regular hell, but in Sartre’s point of view hell is something different. He believes that hell is other people. This is where t he setting comes into play. Sartre puts the three different personalities in the same room to turn th... ...e to the question is obvious. This reveals the idea of bias between characters. Sam and Willie now both want to injury Hally, while Hally has injured Sam. In this play, Sam and Willie are against Hally, and in No Exit by the end Garcin is trying to impress Inez and Estelle is left alone. The setting also has a major impact on the audience. The one room forces the audience to be more attentive to the entrance and exits of the characters. Since the audience is familiar with the set by the end of the first scene, they can focus more on the dialogues and the stage directions. The audience is more involved in a play when the set is not changed. The audience can then interpret the literary elements of the play. Also in the case of â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the boys, Fugard had to move the play around South African ghettoes. This made the transportation easy and efficient.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

The Cognitive Dissonance Theory by John L. Cotton :: Cognition Psychology Essays

The Cognitive Dissonance Theory by John L. Cotton When I hear Cognitive Dissonance, I say to myself, "Cogna Who?" I could barely say the word let alone be able to explain the theory to someone else who has never heard of it. So I took it upon myself to get schooled up on the Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Doing this was no barrel of laughs. But one night while I was sitting by the fire having some wine and cheese I was reading Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, there was an article by John L. Cotton that explained the Cognitive Dissonance Theory. To my surprise the article which was named "Cognitive Dissonance in Selective Exposure." After reading the article several times so that I would not miss a single bit of information, I think I have a clear understanding of Cognitive Dissonance. Now for all that know me, I would never keep this information to myself, but I am going to share Cognitive Dissonance with all you web surfers out there. Are you ready? Well, ready or not get ready to set sail and ride into the world of Cognit ive Dissonance! Research Probably the best quote that Cotton gave was that everyone "selectively seek, choose, and screen the information that we use." How true is this in your day to day lives? Think about it, we are constantly making decisions that we think that are beneficial to us and the people around us. For instance, if all of the boys want to got to the bar and have a few smoothies, you are more inclined to go along with everyone else because you do not want to ruffle anyone's feathers. Let us dig a little deeper into this theory and break it down. First off, what is cognition? I was not too sure either until the article explained what cognition was. Cognitions are "attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about one's behavior, or any other knowledge about oneself or the environment." So basically all of our actions and feelings that we have are cognitions. Understand the cognitive part of it a little better? Do not worry we will be back to explain this further. How about we tackle the dissonance part of th is theory and see where we can go with it. Dissonance is the concept that when a person becomes "aware that two or more of these cognition's are contradictory, dissonance is created.

Monday, January 13, 2020

5g Technology. Technical Report

A Technical Report on Atul Chavan Presented by Sri Sunflower College Of Engineering & Technology (Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU) Lankapalli – 521 131 Submitted By: 1. Sudha Madhuri. Sattiraju 2nd M. C. A Sri Sun Flower Col Of Eng & Tech Lankapally 2. Asha Jyothi. Koganti 2nd M. C. A Sri Sun Flower Col Of Eng & Tech Lankapally Contents 1. Introduction 2. Pre-4G Wireless Standards 3. parameters of 3G &4G 4. Architecture of 4G 5. Challenges: 6. Development: 7. 4G mobile technologies: 8. Future of 4G: 9.Conclusion. 10. Bibilography Abstract: Mobile devices are getting smaller, lighter, and more powerful; they have bigger screens and longer battery life, more features and more capabilities. Things like watching the football game on your mobile device, watching movies, videoconferencing, paying your bills and downloading music to the palm of your hand will become second nature in the near future. Bandwidth will always be the limiting factor in the development of applications and devices, be it wired, or wireless.At the moment the wireless world doesn’t have a large-cell, high bandwidth standard, that is capable of delivering the much needed speeds to a mobile device. The short fall of 3G networks is clear, it’s just not fast enough, offering 384kbps doesn’t meet the requirements of what the end user has come to expect these days. Some people see 3G as a stop-gap, until a fully integrated IP network is created; some countries have even chosen to bypass 3G and head straight to 4G, a method which has its advantages, and its disadvantages. G is set to be available around 2010, getting it right first time will make it a general winner with the one billion mobile users around the world. The end user can expect low cost per data bit, as well as speed and reliability, something which is greatly. Technology Companies with 4G networks are knocking on the door and mobile operators are beginning to answer. 4G networks and Next Generation Netwo rks (NGNs) are becoming fast and very cost-effective solutions for those wanting an IP built high-speed data capacities in the mobile network.IP is pushing its way into the mobile wireless market,† said Visant Strategies Senior Analyst Andy Fuertes, author of â€Å"The Road to 4G and NGN: Wireless IP Migration Paths. † By 2010, the just-published study finds, there will be 113 million NGN and 4G users, with the market starting to take effect 2006 and 2007. Introduction: 4G is an initialize of the term Fourth-Generation Communications System. †¢ A 4G system will provide an end-to-end IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be served to users on an â€Å"Anytime, Anywhere† basis at higher data rates than previous generations.No formal definition is set as to what 4G is, but the objectives that are predicted for 4G can be summarized as follows †¢ 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system of systems and network of networks wired and wi reless networks (e. g. : computer, consumer electronics, communication technology†¦) †¢ Providing 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s, respectively, in outdoor and indoor environments †¢ End-to-end quality of service †¢ High security †¢ Offering any kind of services anytime, anywhere †¢ Affordable cost and one billing †¢   The following are some possible features of the 4G systems : Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other broadband services. †¢ High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit. †¢ Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks. †¢ Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of †¢ Service (QoS) requirements †¢ Better scheduling and call admission control techniques. Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks Pre-4G Wireless Standards: †¢ WiMAX – 7. 2 million units by 2010 (May include fixed and mobile) †¢ Flash-OFDM – 13 million subscriber s in 2010 (only Mobile) 3GPP Long Term Evolution of UMTS in 3GPP – valued at US$2 billion in 2010 (~30% of the world population) †¢ UMB in 3GPP2 parameters of 3G &4G: |Attribute | 3G |4G | | Major | Predominantly voice- |Converged data and VoIP | |Characteristic|data as add-on | | | Network | Wide area Cell based |Hybrid – integration of Wireless | |Architecture | |Lan (Wi-Fi), Blue Tooth, Wide Area| | Frequency | 1. 6 – 2. GHz |2 – 8 GHz | |Band | | | | Component | Optimized antenna; |Smart antennas; SW multi-band; | |Design |multi-band adapters |wideband radios | | Bandwidth | 5 – 20 MHz |100+ MHz | | Data Rate |385 Kbps – 2 Mbps |20 – 100 Mbps | | Access |WCDMA/CDMA2000 |MC-CDMA or OFDM | | Forward Error|Convolution code 1/2, |Concatenated Coding | |Correction |1/3; turbo | | | Switching |Circuit/Packet |Packet | Architecture of 4G One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access several different mobile and wireless networks. There are three possible architectures for 4G. †¢Multimode devices †¢Overlay network †¢Common access protocol. Multimode devicesThis architecture uses a single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access services on different wireless networks. It may improve call completion and expand effective coverage area. It should also provide reliable wireless coverage in case of network, link, or switch failure. The user, device, or network can initiate handoff between networks. The device itself incorporates most of the additional complexity without requiring wireless network modification or employing inter working devices. Each network can deploy a database that keeps track of user location, device capabilities, network conditions, and user preferences. Figure-1 The handling of quality-of-service (QoS) issues remains an open research question. Overlay networkIn this architecture, a user accesses an overlay network consisting of several universal access points. These UAPs in turn select a wireless network based on availability, QoS(Quality of Service) specifications, and user defined choices. A UAP performs protocol and frequency translation, content adaptation, and QoS negotiation-renegotiation on behalf of users. Figure-2 A UAP stores user, network, and device information, capabilities, and preferences. The overlay network, rather than the user or device, performs handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to another. Common access protocol This protocol becomes viable if wireless networks can support one or two standard access protocols.One possible solution, which will require inter working between different networks, uses wireless asynchronous transfer mode. To implement wireless ATM, every wireless network must allow transmission of ATM cells with additional headers or wireless ATM cells requiring changes in the wireless networks. Figure-3 Challenges: †¢ v 4G definition – A global consensu s on the 4G definition is needed before the standardization starts. – Despite efforts there still are too many diverging approached to 4G. †¢ Seamless connectivity – Inter- and intra-network connectivity is fundamental to the provision of temporally and spatially seamless services. – Vertical and horizontal handovers are critical for 4G.In the former case, the heterogeneity and variety of networks exacerbate the problem. †¢ Latency – Many 4G services are delay sensitive. – Guaranteeing short delays in networks with different access architecture and coverage is far from straightforward . †¢ 4G definition – A global consensus on the 4G definition is needed before the standardization starts. – Despite efforts there still are too many diverging approached to 4G . †¢ Seamless connectivity – Inter- and intra-network connectivity is fundamental to the provision of temporally and spatially seamless services.  œ Vertical and horizontal handovers are critical for 4G. In the former case, the heterogeneity and variety of networks exacerbate the problem. Development: [pic]A Japanese company has been testing a 4G communication system prototype at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. Recently †¢ reached 5 Gbit/s moving at 10 km/h, and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010. †¢ An Irish company has announced that they have received a mobile communications license from Irish Telecoms regulator. This service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G Mobile communications. †¢ Sprint plans to launch 4G services in trial markets by the end of 2007 with plans to deploy a network that reaches as many as 100 million people in 2008 4G mobile technologies: ) Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) 2) Spectrum-efficient High-speed wireless mobile transmission 1. Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) A single system ar chitecture characterized by a horizontal communication model providing common platform to complement different access technologies in an optimum way for different service requirements and radio environments is called the converged broadband wireless platform or open wireless architecture (OWA). OWA will be the next storm in wireless communications, fueled by many emerging technologies including digital signal processing, software- definable radio, intelligent antennas. The open wireless platform requires: Area and power-efficient broadband signal processing for wideband wireless applications †¢ Highest industry channel density (MOPS pooling) in flexible new BTS signal processing architectures †¢ BTS solutions scalable to higher clock rates and higher network capacity Space-Time Coding and MIMO(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output) Increasing demand for high performance 4G broadband wireless mobile calls for use of multiple antennas at both base station and subscriber ends. Multi ple antenna technologies enable high capacities suited for Internet and multimedia services and also dramatically increase range and reliability.. [pic] Figure-4 The target frequency band for this system is 2 to 5 GHz due to favorable propagation characteristics and low radio-frequency (RF) equipment cost. AdvantagesSpatial diversity and coding gains for large link budget gains (>10 dB). Disadvantage Multiple antennas at the transmitter and rece- iver provide diversity in a fading environment. 2. Spectrum-efficient High-speed wireless mobile transmission Wide-area wireless broadband systems spectral efficiency can yield a system capacity that allows that experience to be delivered simultaneously to many users in a cell, reducing the cost of service delivery for this mass-market broadband service. These systems are optimized to exploit the full potential of adaptive antenna signal processing, thereby providing robust, high-speed connections for mobile users with a minimum of radio in frastructure.Reduced spectrum requirements, minimizing up-front capital expenses related to spectrum †¢ Reduced infrastructure requirements, minimizing capital and operating costs associated with base station sites, translating into reduced costs per subscriber and per covered population element The acquisition of spectrum is a key component of the cost structure of wireless systems, and two key features of spectrum have great impact on that cost ( the spectral efficiency of the wireless system and the type of spectrum required to implement the system. A fully capable and commercially viable mobile broadband system can operate in as little as 5 MHz of unpaired spectrum with a total of 20 Mbps throughput per cell in that amount of spectrum.Factors contribute to the spectral efficiency of a system 1)Modulation formats, Air interface overhead 2)Multiple access method, Usage model. The quantities just mentioned all contribute to the bits/second/Hertz dimensions of the unit. The app earance of a â€Å"per cell† dimension may seem surprising, but the throughput of a particular cell’s base station in a cellular network is almost always substantially less than that of a single cell in isolation. Future of 4G: â€Å"The future of wireless is not just wireless, it is a part of life. † The future offers faster speeds and larger bandwidth. It is suggested that 4G technologies will allow 3D virtual reality and interactive video / hologram images.The technology could also increase interaction between compatible technologies, so that the smart card in the handset could automatically pay for goods in passing a linked payment kiosk (i-mode can already boast this capability) or will tell your car to warm up in the morning, because your phone has noted you have left the house or have set the alarm. 4G is expected to provide high-resolution images (better quality than TV images) and video-links (all of these will require a band width of about 100MHz). Con clusion: ? From user driven perspective, the user has freedom and flexibility to select the service, at a reasonable QoS and price, anytime, anywhere Reconfigurability: Next-generation wireless network interfaces need to be able to switch seamlessly between different communications standards, in order to provide the most suitable level of service while the user moves across different environments. ? 4G, convergence of networks, technologies, applications and services, will offer a personalized and pervasive network to the users. ? Convergence is heading towards an advent of a really exciting and disruptive concept of 4th generation mobile networks. Bibilography: †¢ Journals †¢ IEEE Explore: IEEE journals and conferences http://www. ieee. org/ieeexplore †¢ Ad Hoc Networks Journal †¢ IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing THE END As the technology grows day by day mobile device are also been developed by getting lighter, smaller a nd more powerful. Most of the mobile phones are been smart which are capable of doing all sort of operation done in computers, are able perform video conference, etc. For such high performance may not be capable to operate in 3G network until a fully integrated IP network is created. For this features the next generation network was introduced the 4G. It was set available around 2010, where the end user can expect low cost for data bits as well as reliability and speed which should be more efficient than 3G networks. G system can provide an end-to-end IP solution where data, voice and streamed multimedia, and can be delivered to users on an â€Å"Anytime, Anywhere† basis at a higher data rates than 3G networks. It is designed as a fully IP-based integrated system of systems and network of networks wired and wireless networks, it is able to provide data rate of 100 MB/s than the previous generation networks, 4G provides end to end QoS (quality of service), it is able to provid e high security, it provides integrated multimedia, video, voice wireless internet and other broad band services and Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks, Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.One of the main challenges faced in 4G development was how to access several wireless networks and different mobile phones, for this problems three main architecture are been designed they are, Multimode device, overlay network and the common access protocols these architectures are been briefly discussed in this paper. Some of the other main challenges faced during the development were seamless connectivity, latency. This paper also discuss about the technologies used in the 4G, Open wireless architecture (OWA), spectrum efficient high speed wireless mobile transmission. | | | Reference: http://seminarprojects. com/Thread-4g-mobile-networking-full-seminar-report-download#ixzz2OuQ9qWjR

Saturday, January 11, 2020

When Dealing with International Markets, It’s Also Imperative

There is no doubt that if you deal with international markets, you should be familiar with their laws and regulation as they pertain to marketing. This is imperative and you should take it seriously. It must be god understanding in the law of the country where you launch a campaign. But it is not always possible to know all the nuances. So, what is right in this situation? On the one hand, some people consider that marketers must know and observe the regulations and laws of the country in which they operate.To my mind, it is the obvious facts. All advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Before launching a campaign in international markets, you should learn all the prohibitions and laws of this country, so you do not have problems with complaints about your advertising or marketing actions. On the other hand, some people believe that there should be common standards, rules and regulations for the global market.It is obvious that in order to learn the laws and prohibi tions of the country where you launch a campaign, it is necessary to spend a lot of time and effort to get it right. In conclusion I would like to say that there is one rule you should pay attention to is to think local. Because now is the era of globalization and we live in a very localized world. To determine international advertising standards, you must be aware of the advertising laws, rules and regulations of each nation.

Sunday, January 5, 2020

Cyber, Biological, Radiological, And Nuclear ( Cbrn )...

Vulnerability to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism Introduction A key issue in Homeland Security and Emergency Management today is the country s vulnerability to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism. The increasing proliferation of CBRN weapons all over the world is a primary security challenge due to their indiscriminate and destructive nature. CBRN weapons inflict physical damage, provoke panic, and result in societal, as well as economic disruption. As such, this form of terrorism is a major source of concern for emergency response organizations and departments in the United States. Despite the relatively low rates of utilization by state and non-state actors today, the risk posed by CBRN weapons is too high for security organs to simply ignore. A principal incentive for CBRN terrorism across the world is its ability to disrupt entire state sectors and cause widespread contamination. As a result, it is important to study a nation s vulnerability to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism. Research Question 1. What is the relationship between the rate of proliferation of CBRN weapons and the country s vulnerability to CBRN terrorism? Research Hypotheses 1. The rate of proliferation of CBRN weapons has a direct impact on the country s vulnerability to CBRN terrorism. 2. There is a correlation between the nature of terrorist groups and a country s level of vulnerability to CBRNShow MoreRelatedIntroduction. In 1945, The United States Of America Utilized1655 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch to construct nuclear bombs which were then dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; this event was the beginning of weaponizing modern technologies for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). Since the bombing of Japan during World War I, the use of bombs as the main means of terrorism has been the corner-stone in anti-terrorism preparedness and response. 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Friday, January 3, 2020

The Impact Of Parenting On Child Development - 1004 Words

Developmental psychologists have long researched and had an interest in how parenting affects child development. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist, identified the four most basic parenting styles in the year 1971-1991. Two of the practices on which the styles came into being were the parental effect and control. The parenting control is where the child is told to follow the rules and demands of the parent, also known as authoritarian parenting. In Asian countries and West Indies, authoritarian parenting was the most common style of parenting. The harsh corporal punishment and the significance of obeying to the demands of their parents have effects on the adolescence. In the story the â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid there is a strong disciplinary language, supervision, and aggressiveness from a mother to the daughter: ‘On Sundays try to walk like a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming’ (Kincaid) said the mother to her daughter. Such words, when used i n adolescence, affect the adolescent s self-esteem, mental health, and social behavior. What do experts say about how authoritarian parenting affects adolescents? Authoritarian parenting lowers the self-esteem and basic attitudes of life, skill and a person self-worth. The story â€Å"Girl† talks about a mother who is teaching her daughter all the rules of being a woman, but the tune of the words spoken are harsh and stern. The words cause the daughter to question her self-worth and if she is eligible for her behavior: â€Å"ButShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Parenting Styles On Child Development2048 Words   |  9 Pages The Impact of Different Parenting Styles on Child Development Since the late 1920s psychologists have been curious about the influence of parents on child development (Darling, 1999). Researchers in psychology, sociology, and education have indicated that parental influence shows no decline into adolescence (Astone McLanahan, 1991). 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Multiple studies and research proves that different engagements and experiences such as affection, disciplineRead MoreDiana Baumrind s Effect Of Parenting Styles On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Baumrind’s effect of parenting styles on children Baumrind was born into a Jewish community in the New York’s Jewish enclaves. She was the first two daughters of Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Diana, the eldest in an extended family of female cousins, inherited the role of eldest son, which allowed her to participate in serious conversations about philosophy, ethics, literature, and politics. She completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy at Hunter College in 1948, and her M.A. and Ph.D. inRead MoreThe Authoritarian Style Of Parenting Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch, analyzing child-parent behavior, seeking to identify parenting styles. The Baumrid study and other further studies identified four main styles of parenting (Miller, 2010): the authoritative parenting style was characterized by fair rules and consequences; The Authoritarian parenting style was characterized by strict rules and harsh punishment; the permissive parenting style was characterized by minimal rules with little or no consequences; the uninvol ved parenting style was characterizedRead MoreChild Shift1748 Words   |  7 PagesCrossfire† explores the effects of proper and dysfunctional parenting on Caribbean children. This article identifies dysfunctional homes that foster improper parenting and the impact of psychological and physical absence of parents on their children. It also assesses the consequences of â€Å"child shifting† on affected children. The social impairments of children suffering from â€Å"child shifting† were cross-examined with the various parenting styles they would receive through continuous domestic relocationRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Children1553 Words   |  7 Pagessorted into four sub-categories or themes based upon a specific focus areas of this complex and not yet fully understood issue. These themes included developmental, educational outcomes, health, and parenting effects, and how they were impacted by children living in poverty. Impact on Development The developmental theme included reviews of four articles, each with a slightly different focus. In a paper researching the racial/ethnic differences in processes and effects (McLeod and Nonemaker,Read MoreImportance Of Parenting Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Parenting Styles There are many different types of parenting styles in the world today. The way one chooses to raise their children, can play a very big role in a child’s behavior and success within the future. In 1967, a woman named Diana Baumrind contributed to the knowledge in socioemotional development by studying and researching parenting styles. She originally stated that there are four types of parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful. EachRead MoreParenting Styles Diana Baumrind999 Words   |  4 Pages The way a parent parents a child has a dramatic effect on a child’s development. In fact, research has revealed that parenting styles can impact a child’s cognitive, psychological, and social growth, which affects children in the childhood years, teenage years and adolescence. The reason is that children develop through a number of stimuli, communication, and conversation, which surround them. Families provide a structured environment in which a child lives while parents serve as role models and